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At its worst, the eureka theory distorts American views of how best to push society forward, and slows material advance in the process. [qh]
最糟糕的是，“发现”论扭曲了美国人关于如何最好地推动社会进步的观点，减缓了这个过程中的实质性进步。[qh]
To appreciate the deeper story of progress—and to see how it bears on America’s own problems in the 21st century—let’s return to 1796 and recall how history’s first vaccine went global.[qh]
为了更深入地理解进步的故事--了解其与21世纪美国自身问题的关系--让我们回到1796年，回顾一下历史上第一支疫苗是如何走向全球的。[qh]
One to 1 billion--After Edward Jenner verified that James Phipps was indeed protected against smallpox, he wrote a brief paper to announce his discovery. [qh]
一人到十亿人--爱德华·詹纳在证实詹姆斯·菲普斯确实没有感染水痘后，他撰写了一篇简短的论文来宣布他的发现。[qh]
The Royal Society of London refused to publish it. [qh]
但伦敦皇家学会拒绝出版这篇论文。[qh]
His own self-published booklet, An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, was initially ignored by the medical community. [qh]
他自己出版的小册子《关于牛痘病毒接种的原因与结果调查》一开始遭到了医学界忽视。[qh]
Jenner needed surrogates in the English medical field to give his wild experiments gravitas. [qh]
詹纳需要在英国医学领域找到代理人，让他的疯狂实验变得严肃起来。[qh]
He found one such defender in Henry Cline, an open-minded London surgeon who acquired some inoculating substance from Jenner and began conducting trials to confirm Jenner’s findings, establishing the practice as safe and reliable.[qh]
他找到了，亨利·克莱恩就是这样的一位捍护者。这位思想开明的伦敦外科医生从詹纳那里获得了一些接种物质，便开始进行试验以证实詹纳的发现，证明了这种做法既安全又可靠。[qh]
The vaccine was so immediately and obviously successful that it proved self-recommending. [qh]
这种疫苗立马取得了显而易见的成功，证明毛遂自荐是可行的。[qh]
By 1800, vaccinations had spread rapidly through Europe, in large part because so many elites supported them. [qh]
到1800年，疫苗接种在欧洲迅速传播，这在很大程度上是因为得到了很多精英的支持。[qh]
The kings of Denmark, Spain, and Prussia personally promoted the vaccine. [qh]
丹麦、西班牙和普鲁士的国王亲自推广疫苗。[qh]
The pope called it “a precious discovery” that ought to restore the public’s faith in God.[qh]
教皇称其为应该能恢复公众对上帝信心的“宝贵发现”。[qh]
Still, doctors faced a prodigious challenge: how to deliver the stuff around the world in an era without cold storage, airplanes, or cars.[qh]
尽管如此，医生仍然面临着一项巨大的挑战: 如何在一个没有冷库、飞机、汽车的时代将这些东西运送到世界各地。[qh]
They settled on distribution methods that were, by any reasonable estimation, extremely strange and a little ingenious. [qh]
他们最终选定了无论从哪个合理角度看都新奇荒怪的配送方法。[qh]
In the early 1800s, Spain recruited 22 orphaned boys to bring the vaccine to the Americas on their body. [qh]
19世纪初，西班牙招募了22名孤儿(男童)，用他们的身体将疫苗带到了美洲。[qh]
Two boys were vaccinated immediately before their ship’s departure. [qh]
两名男童在他们的船只出发前立即接种了疫苗。[qh]
When pustules appeared on their arms, doctors scraped material from them to jab two more children on board.[qh]
当他们的手臂上出现脓疱时，医生从他们身上刮下一些脓疱物质，给船上的另外两名男童接种。[qh]
Doctors continued this daisy-chain routine until the ship reached modern-day Venezuela, where they began using the most recent pox eruption to vaccinate people in the Americas. [qh]
医生们持续这一循环接种操作，直到船到达现在的委内瑞拉，他们在那里开始利用近期产生的脓疱痘疹给美洲人接种疫苗。[qh]
Without any advanced storage technology, they had managed to transport history’s first vaccine more than 4,000 miles, in perfect condition. [qh]
在没有任何先进的储存技术的情况下，他们成功地将历史上的首支疫苗完好无损地运输了4000多英里。[qh]
Arm-to-arm, the vaccine traveled to Mexico, Macau, and Manila. [qh]
手臂接着手臂，这种疫苗传到了墨西哥、澳门和马尼拉。[qh]
Within 10 years of Jenner’s paper, the vaccine had gone global.[qh]
詹纳的论文发表不到10年，这种疫苗就传遍了全球。[qh]
