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Not until the early 1700s did a chance encounter in the Ottoman empire bring the process to Britain, and bend the axis of history. [qh]
直到18世纪早期，奥斯曼帝国的一次偶遇才将这一疗法带到英国，历史的轴线才得以扭转。[qh]
In 1717, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, an English aristocrat living in Constantinople with her husband, a diplomat, heard about inoculation from her acquaintances in the Ottoman court. [qh]
1717年，英国贵族玛丽·沃特利·蒙塔古夫人和她当外交官的丈夫住在君士坦丁堡，从奥斯曼帝国宫廷的熟人那里听说了接种疗法。[qh]
Circassian women, from the Caucasus Mountains and in great demand for the Turkish sultan’s harem, were inoculated as children in parts of their bodies where scars would not easily be seen.[qh]
土耳其苏丹(统治者称号)后宫需要大量的来自高加索山脉的切尔克斯妇女，这些妇女在孩童时在不易看到疤痕的身体部位接种了水痘。[qh]
Lady Montagu asked the embassy surgeon to perform the procedure on her son—and upon her return to London a few years later, on her young daughter.[qh]
蒙塔古夫人请大使医生为她的儿子接种了水痘，几年后她回到伦敦时，又为她的小女儿接种了水痘。[qh]
Word spread from court physicians to members of the College of Physicians to doctors across the continent.[qh]
消息从宫廷医生那里传到医师学院成员那里，又传到了整个欧洲大陆医生那里。[qh]
Within a few years, inoculation had become widespread in Europe.[qh]
几年之内，接种疗法就在欧洲普及开来。[qh]
But many people still died of smallpox after being deliberately infected, and in some cases inoculation transmitted other diseases, like syphilis or tuberculosis.[qh]
但仍有许多人在有意感染水痘后病死，有时候，接种还会传播其他疾病，如梅毒、结核病。[qh]
One boy who went through the ordeal of inoculation was Edward Jenner, the son of a vicar in Gloucestershire, England. [qh]
爱德华·詹纳是英国格洛斯特郡一位牧师的儿子，他熬过了接种水痘的磨难。[qh]
He trained as a physician in the late 1700s, and carried out these rough smallpox inoculations regularly. [qh]
他于18世纪末接受了医师培训，并定期实施这些还未完善的水痘接种疗法。[qh]
But Jenner also sought a better cure. [qh]
不过，詹纳在寻找更好的治疗方法。[qh]
He was taken by a theory that a disease among cows could provide cross-immunity to smallpox.[qh]
他被一种理论所吸引，即牛身上的一种疾病可以提供对水痘的交叉免疫。[qh]
In the spring of 1796, Jenner was approached by a dairymaid, Sarah Nelmes, who complained of a rash on her hand. [qh]
1796年春天，挤奶女工莎拉·奈尔梅斯找到詹纳，抱怨说她手上起了皮疹。[qh]
She told Jenner that one of her cows, named Blossom, had recently suffered from cowpox. [qh]
她告诉詹纳，一头名叫布洛瑟姆的奶牛最近患了牛痘。[qh]
Jenner suspected that her blister might give him the opportunity to test whether cowpox was humanity’s long-awaited cure.[qh]
詹纳猜想她身上的水泡可能会给他一个测试牛痘是否是人类期待已久的治疗方法的机会。[qh]
May 14, 1796, was a golden day in the history of science but a terrifying one for a certain 8-year-old boy.[qh]
1796年5月14日是科学史上的黄金日，但对一个8岁的男孩来说却是一个可怕的日子。[qh]
Jenner drew a blade, slick with ooze from a cowpox blister, across the arm of James Phipps, the brave and healthy son of his gardener.[qh]
詹纳抽出一把光滑的刀片，沾上牛痘水泡粘液，划过詹姆斯·菲普斯的手臂，菲普斯是园丁勇敢健康的儿子。[qh]
After a week, young James developed a headache, lost his appetite, and came down with chills. [qh]
一个星期后，年幼的詹姆斯开始头痛，食欲不振，浑身发冷。[qh]
When the boy had recovered, Jenner returned with a new blade—this one coated with the microbial matter of the smallpox virus. [qh]
当这位男孩康复后，詹纳带着一把新刀回来了——这把刀上涂有水痘病毒的微生物物质。[qh]
He cut the boy with the infected lancet. [qh]
他用染上水痘病毒的小刀割伤了这个男孩。[qh]
Nothing happened. The boy had been immunized from smallpox without encountering the disease.[qh]
什么也没有发生。这个男孩已经对水痘产生了免疫，没有染上这种疾病。[qh]
