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Vegetables soaked in microbe excrement may sound unappetizing, but these bacteria and the acid they produce are perfectly safe to eat.
浸泡在微生物排泄物中的蔬菜可能听起来让人没胃口，但这些细菌和它们产生的酸完全可以安全食用。
They're even beneficial.
它们甚至是有益的。
Lactic acid protects pickles from other, harmful organisms, while lactobacillus bacteria can boost the health of your gut's microbiome.
乳酸可以保护泡菜免受其他有害生物影响，而乳酸菌可以改善肠道微生物群。
Pickles of all kinds were a hit with the ancient world.
在古代，各种各样的腌菜都很受欢迎。
It's thought that the Ancient Mesopotamians were the first to enjoy some pickled dishes, and Herodotus noted the Ancient Egyptians ate fish preserved with brine.
古美索不达米亚人据称是最先食用腌菜的人，希罗多德指出，古埃及人会吃用盐水腌制的鱼。
Columella proclaimed that "the use of vinegar and hard brine is very necessary, they say, for the making of preserves."
科卢梅拉宣称：“他们说，制作腌菜时，醋和浓盐水是非常必要的。”
But when did cucumbers enter the briny equation?
但黄瓜是什么时候进入腌菜食谱的呢？
While loads of websites and books talk about ancient Mediterranean peoples enjoying pickled cucumbers, according to a 2012 paper in the Annals of Botany, it's actually unclear when cucumbers arrived in the Mediterranean region.
根据2012年发表在《植物学年鉴》上的一篇论文，虽然大量网站和书籍都称古代地中海人喜欢腌黄瓜，但实际上黄瓜是什么时候进入地中海地区的还是个迷。
There are definitely early accounts that use words that people have translated as cucumber, but according to the paper the texts in question are describing something more akin to snake melons (awesome band name, by the way).
肯定有一些早期的文字记录使用了现在人们翻译为“黄瓜”的词语，但根据这篇论文，这些文字描述的是更类似于“蛇瓜”的东西（顺便说一句，是个很棒的乐队名）。
The evidence suggests it's not until the medieval era that Europeans were able to enjoy a cucumber pickle with their sandwich, as cukes made their way to the West via two independent paths: "overland from Persia into eastern and northern Europe," before the Islamic conquests, and a later diffusion into western and southern Europe, which the paper's authors peg to a primarily "maritime route from Persia or the Indian subcontinent into Andalusia" in the southern part of present-day Spain.
有证据表明，直到中世纪，欧洲人才能在三明治中吃到腌黄瓜，因为黄瓜是通过两条相互独立的路径进入西方的：一条是在伊斯兰征服前，从波斯通过陆路进入东欧和北欧；后来，黄瓜又通过另一条路线进入了西欧和南欧，论文作者认为，这条路线主要是“从波斯或印度次大陆进入安达卢西亚”的海上路线。
As the centuries progressed, pickles continued to win famous fans.
几个世纪过去，腌菜收获了很多著名的粉丝。
Queen Elizabeth I reportedly enjoyed them, and William Shakespeare liked them enough to reference them numerous times in his work.
据报道，女王伊丽莎白一世很喜欢腌菜，威廉·莎士比亚也非常喜欢它，以至于他在作品中无数次提到它。
He even helped build a new idiom around the word when he had The Tempest's King Alonso ask the court jester Trinculo, "how camest thou in this pickle?"
他甚至根据这个词创造了一个新的俗语，让《暴风雨》中的国王阿隆索对宫廷小丑特林库洛问：“你怎么让自己落到这般境地了？”
Merriam-Webster speculates that the Bard may have been playing off a Dutch expression that translates to something like "sit in the pickle."
《韦氏词典》推测，这位诗人可能一直在模仿荷兰人的一种表达方式，翻译过来就是“坐在腌菜里”之类的意思。
In any case, being "in a pickle" is now widely understood to describe any difficult situation, and - as Benny "the Jet" Rodriguez taught us - has a specific, related meaning in baseball, used when a runner is caught between two bases and is at risk of being tagged out.
不管怎样，“in a pickle”现在被普遍理解为处于困境之中——正如Benny "the Jet" Rodriguez教给我们的那样，这个短语在棒球中有一个特定的相关含义，用于描述跑垒者在两个垒之间，面临被标记出局的危险。
What would we do without the Sandlot?
没有空旷沙地我们该怎么办？
Scottish doctor James Lind discussed how pickles could fight scurvy, noting how the "Dutch sailors are much less liable to the scurvy than the English, owing to this pickled vegetable carried out to sea."
苏格兰医生詹姆斯·林德说明了如何用腌菜对抗坏疽病，他指出，由于荷兰水手能吃到腌菜，他们患坏疽病的概率比英国水手低。
The pickled vegetable in question was cabbage.
他提到的腌菜是卷心菜。
And Captain James Cook was such a proponent of what he called Sour Krout that he gave his officers as much as they wanted, knowing that the crew would eat it as soon as they saw the officers liked it.
詹姆斯·库克船长非常支持他所谓的“Sour Krout”，他的船长们想要多少他就给多少，因为他知道船员们看到船长们喜欢就会去吃。
Captain James Cook: pioneer in influencer marketing.
詹姆斯·库克船长：网红营销的先驱。
But not everyone was a fan.
但并不是所有人都喜欢它。
John Harvey Kellogg, who as we've previously discussed was deeply concerned about eating food with any known flavor, felt pickles were one of the ‘stimulating foods' that needed to be avoided, lest you succumb to...
我们之前讲到过的约翰·哈维·凯洛格，他非常担心吃任何已知味道的食物，认为腌菜是需要避免食用的“刺激性食物”之一，以免你屈服于……
Well, just watch that other video if you're curious.
如果你好奇的话就去看另一个视频吧。
