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The phrase baker's dozen can be traced to England in the 13th century, appropriately enough.
“十三”（baker's dozen）这个短语可以追溯到13世纪的英国，非常合理。
But why is a baker's dozen 13?
但为什么这个短语是“十三”的意思呢？
In Medieval England, bread was a basic staple of the populous, and in the 1260s King Henry III enacted a law that controlled the size and cost of a loaf.
在中世纪，面包是很多英格兰人的主食，12世纪60年代，国王亨利三世颁布了一项法律，控制面包的大小和价格。
One popular story to explain the baker's dozen says that bakers would add an extra loaf to a lot of twelve in order to avoid the stiff penalties for selling underweight bread to customers.
有一个广为流传的故事提到了这个短语，说面包师会在卖出的十二个面包的基础上额外多给一个面包，以避免出售的面包重量不足而受到严厉的处罚。
But scrupulous food historians point out that there's little evidence for this explanation.
但一丝不苟的食品历史学家指出，几乎没有证据支持这种说法。
Besides, buying 12 loaves of bread at a time would've been an awful lot for a medieval peasant.
此外，对于中世纪的农民来说，一次买十二条面包要花一大笔钱。
Instead, the phrase seems more likely to come from transactions with bread middlemen, known as "hucksters," who would buy bread from bakeries and then roam the streets hawking their carb-heavy wares.
相反，这个短语似乎更有可能源于面包师与面包掮客的交易，这些掮客被称为“小贩”，他们从面包店购买面包，然后在街上兜售他们高碳水的商品。
Since the law controlled how much the baker charged a retailer and how much the retailer could charge the customer, there wasn't a way for the retailer to really make a profit, so a 13th loaf - sometimes called the in-bread or the vantage loaf - was thrown in as a freebie so the retailer could make some money.
由于法律规定了面包师向小贩收取多少费用，以及小贩可以向顾客收取多少费用，小贩无法盈利，所以面包师会向小贩赠送第十三条面包——有时被称为“in-bread”或“vantage loaf”——这样他们就可以赚到一些钱。
It made sense for bakers to incentivize street peddlers with this free loaf; they could move a lot more product through roaming retailers than if they had to sell all the bread themselves.
对于面包师来说，用这种免费面包来激励街头小贩十分重要；因为这样他们就可以让四处叫卖的小贩售卖更多面包，而不用全靠自己。
Smash cut to a few centuries later: I stand at a bagel counter, caught totally unaware yet again and somehow deciding on the spot to get a whole wheat oat bagel to round out my lucky 13.
几个世纪后：我站在百吉圈柜台前，不知不觉就现场决定再买一个全麦燕麦百吉饼来完成我的幸运13。
Who is this hearty bagel for?
这个大大的百吉圈是给谁的？
Some culinary questions, alas, are destined to remain unanswered.
遗憾的是，一些有关食物的问题注定没有答案。
Hi, I'm Justin Dodd.
嗨，我是贾斯汀·多德。
Welcome to Food History.
欢迎来到食物的历史。
Today I'm sharing the backstories behind some of the words and phrases we use when cooking and eating, from umami to amuse-bouche.
今天，我将分享一些我们做饭和吃饭时使用的单词和短语背后的故事，从“鲜味”到“开胃菜”。
And yes, they are all very fun to say.
而且是的，他们很有意思。
When Spaniards landed in the New World, they observed indigenous people using raised, wooden frames to cook their meat and fish.
西班牙人来到新大陆登陆后，观察到土著居民用架起来的木制支架烹饪他们的肉和鱼。
The apparatuses could be placed directly on a heat source, the way Americans grill hamburgers and hot dogs today, or they could be propped near a fire and heated indirectly, similarly to how barbecue pitmasters slow-cook their meat.
这些设备可以直接架在热源上，就像今天的美国烤汉堡肉和热狗一样，也可以放在火边间接加热，类似于烧烤大厨慢慢烤肉。
The word for these tools was barbacoa, according to a Spanish account recorded in 1526.
根据西班牙1526年的一份记录，这些工具叫巴巴柯阿（barbacoa）。
This became barbecue in English, and I guess at some point we threw the literal letter Q in there just to be chaotic (Although some sources suggest the Q comes to us from the French phrase barbe a queue, or "beard to tail," a nod to a whole animal being cooked, but this explanation is probably more folklore than fact).
到英语中，这个词就变为了烧烤（barbecue），我觉得有些时候，我们把barbecue里面的字母c换成字母q只是为了标新立异（虽然也有观点认为字母q来自法语短语barbe a queue，也就是“从胡须到尾巴”，从头到脚赞赏正在被烹饪的动物，但这种解释更可能是民间传说而不是事实）。
Umami means something like "deliciousness" in Japanese, but the true meaning of the word is hard to capture in English.
Umami在日语中的意思类似于“美味”，但这个词在英语中的真正含义很难解释。
In the early 20th century, a Japanese chemist named Kikunae Ikeda boiled down umami to its pure essence - literally.
20世纪初，一位名叫池田菊苗的日本化学家从字面上将鲜味浓缩成了纯净的精华。
He was enjoying a bowl of dashi, a savory broth made from kelp called kombu, when he realized there must be a fifth taste beyond salty, sweet, sour, and bitter.
他在享受一碗用名为昆布的海带制成的美味肉汤时意识到，除了咸、甜、酸、苦之外，还有第五种味道。
Determined to get to the root of dashi's indefinable flavor, he conducted some experiments.
他下定决心要找出日式高汤中难以捉摸的味道的根源，并为此进行了一些实验。
