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It was really cool for Sam to invite us over!
山姆邀请我们过去真是太好了！
Hi there, we just got back from visiting Sam the Bat.
嗨，我们刚从山姆(蝙蝠)那里回来。
Sam invited us to explore the cave where his family lives.
山姆邀请我们去探索他家住的洞穴。
So Squeaks and I have been learning all about caves!
所以吱吱和我一直在学习关于洞穴的一切！
That’s true.
那是真的。
Sam the Bat’s cave looked pretty different from some of the other caves we’ve looked at in pictures.
山姆（蝙蝠）的洞穴看起来与我们在图片中看到的其他一些洞穴非常不同。
While they all have some things in common, there are actually many different kinds of caves, and they all look unique.
虽然它们都有一些共同之处，但实际上有许多不同类型的洞穴，它们看起来都是独一无二的。
Let’s start with things they have in common.
让我们从他们的共同点开始吧。
Caves are really just large spaces underground or in a hard surface like rock.
洞穴实际上只是地下巨大空间，或在如岩石等坚硬外壳里的巨大空间。
Actually, yes, the Fort is a cave!
事实上，是的，福特堡就是个洞穴！
This part of the Fort is in the basement, which is underground.
福特堡的这一部分位于地下室，它是在地下的。
But before we decorated it all nice and comfy, there was a cave here!
但在我们把它装饰得又漂亮又舒适之前，这里是一个洞穴！
Most caves are made by nature, instead of being dug by people.
大多数洞穴是自然形成的，而不是由人挖掘的。
The different natural materials that make caves are one of the things that can make them different from each other.
不同的洞穴自然的形成材料是使它们彼此不同的原因之一。
And the reason why there are so many different kinds of caves is because of the different places and the ways nature makes them.
之所以有这么多不同种类的洞穴，是因为地方不同、大自然造就它们的方式也不同。
One of the most common tools nature uses to build caves is found all over, in oceans, lakes, coming out of your sink…
大自然用来建造洞穴的最常见的工具到处都可以找到，在海洋里，在湖泊里，水槽里…
Yes, you’re right!
是的，你说得对！
Water!
水!
When water washes against rocks, it wears away at them.This is called erosion.
当水冲刷岩石时，会磨损岩石。这叫做侵蚀。
And over time, water can transform rocks in big ways, including turning them into caves!
随着时间的推移，水可以以巨大的方式改变岩石，包括将它们变成洞穴！
Limestone caves are made when water goes down through the ground, and mixes with different parts of the ground to make acid, a liquid that can break down a kind of rock called limestone.
石灰岩洞穴是当水穿过地面时形成的，并与地面的不同部分混合形成酸，一种可以分解一种名为石灰岩的岩石的液体。
The watery acid eats away at the rock, leaving behind empty spaces.
水酸侵蚀了岩石，留下了空隙。
That means it’s a kind of erosion.
这意味着它是一种侵蚀。
When the water and acid have eroded enough rock, the empty space left behind can become a new cave!
当水和酸侵蚀了足够多的岩石时，留下的空地就可以成为一个新的洞穴！
But there are many other ways, and many other places, where caves can form.
但还有许多其他方式，以及许多其他地方，可以形成洞穴。
Sometimes, where the ocean meets the land, there are cliffs in between.
有时，在海洋与陆地的交界处，两者之间会有悬崖。
And the ocean waves wash up against those cliffs, again and again and again.
海浪一次又一次地冲击着那些悬崖。
Those cliffs sometimes have small cracks or breaks in them.
这些悬崖有时会有细小的裂缝或断裂。
And water gets into the small cracks in the rocky cliffs, and then begins breaking off and carrying away tiny pieces of rock.
水进入岩石悬崖的小裂缝，然后开始破裂，带走微小的岩石碎片。
So more erosion happens in the side of the cliff.
更多的侵蚀发生在悬崖的一侧。
More and more pieces get taken away, until eventually, there’s a huge hole in the side of the cliff.
越来越多的岩石碎片被带走，直到最后，悬崖边有一个巨大的洞穴。
We call caves like these sea caves.
我们把这样的洞穴称为海洞。
Ooh, interesting question, Squeaks.
哦，有趣的问题，吱吱。
It actually takes a really long time for water to erode limestone or cliffsides.
事实上，水侵蚀石灰岩或悬崖需要很长时间。
It can take millions of years for caves to form like this.
这样的洞穴形成可能需要数百万年的时间。
Some caves around today probably started forming before there were any people around!
今天周围的一些洞穴可能在周围没有人之前就开始形成了！
However, water can work a little faster to make caves if it’s in something other than rock.
然而，如果水在岩石以外的其他地方，形成洞穴的速度会更快。
Glacier ice caves are made during warmer months, when part of giant glaciers made of ice start to melt into water.
冰川冰洞是在较温暖的月份形成的，那时由冰组成的巨大冰川的一部分开始融化成水。
A glacier is like a big ice blanket that sometimes sits over mountains.
冰川就像一条巨大的冰毯，有时会覆盖在群山之上。
The solid ice can start to melt into liquid water when it gets warm.
当固体冰变暖时，它会开始融化成液态水。
The water melts more and more of the ice around it as it flows through the glacier.
当水流过冰川时，它周围的冰越来越多地融化。
That hollows out big spaces in the glacier that stay behind during the colder months, when liquid water freezes into ice again.
这会掏空冰川上的大片空间，在较冷的月份，液态水再次冻结为冰时，这些空间会留在冰川上。
People can actually explore some glacier ice caves, but it’s really, really cold in there!
人们实际上可以探索一些冰川冰洞，但那里真的非常冷！
But I can think of one type of cave that forms quickly, and with something much warmer than ice or water. Lava caves!
但我能想到一种快速形成的洞穴，而且有比冰或水温度高得多的东西。熔岩洞穴！
Lava caves, or lava tubes, are made when a volcano erupts, and lava flows down across the ground.
熔岩洞穴或熔岩管是在火山喷发时形成的，熔岩在地面上流淌。
Lava is the liquid form of rock, just like water is the liquid form of ice.
熔岩是液态岩石，就像水是液态冰一样。
So the lava can flow like a river of water does.
熔岩可以像河流一样流动。
The top layer of that lava gets cooled by the air touching it, hardening the lava into a crust of rock over the rest of the lava river.
熔岩的顶层被接触到的空气冷却，使熔岩变硬，形成覆盖在熔岩河其余部分的岩石外壳。
When the rest of the lava flows down a hill and away, that rocky crust layer is left behind, with an empty tube underneath where the lava had been.
当其余的熔岩从山上流下并离开时，留下来的是岩石壳层，在熔岩曾经存在的地方下面有一个空管。
It does look a bit like the inside of a straw!
它看起来确实有点像吸管的内部！
But this tube also has a lot of rocky ledges, and sometimes twists and turns.
但这条管道也有很多岩石悬崖，有时会弯弯绕绕。
Lava caves form much faster than limestone caves, sea caves, or glacier caves; but even though they’re very different, they’re still caves.
熔岩洞穴的形成速度比石灰岩洞穴、海洋洞穴或冰川洞穴快得多；但即使它们非常不同，它们仍然是洞穴。
Yes, it is amazing how things as different as water and lava can end up both making caves!
是的，令人惊讶的是，像水和熔岩这样不同的东西最终都会形成洞穴！
Learning about all the different types of caves can show us how nature can change really slowly, like with limestone caves, or really quickly, like the lava caves.
了解所有不同类型的洞穴可以向我们展示大自然的变化是多么缓慢，就像石灰岩洞穴一样，或者快速形成的熔岩洞穴。
Which is your favorite type of cave, Squeaks?
你最喜欢哪种类型的洞穴，吱吱？
Aww, the Fort is probably my favorite cave, too.
啊，福特堡可能也是我最喜欢的洞穴。
Any cave that I get to share with my friends is a great cave.
我和朋友们分享的洞穴都是很棒的洞穴。
What kinds of caves would you want to explore?
你想探索什么样的洞穴？
Can you think of anything else that could help to build a cave?
你还能想到什么可以帮助塑造洞穴的东西吗？
Remember to hit the subscribe button to continue learning with Squeaks, me, and all of our friends, and we’ll see you next time, here at the Fort.
记得按下订阅按钮，继续与我、吱吱和我们所有的朋友一起学习，我们下次在福特堡见。
