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Not just taking genes and removing defects, but adding new super capabilities.
人们不仅仅用它提取基因和消除缺陷基因，而是增加新的超级能力。
What if in the process of that kind of gene editing, we created a caste society, where some people were genetically designed to do menial tasks and didn't have the capabilityof doing anything else.
如果在这种基因编辑的过程中，我们创造了一个种姓社会，其中一些人在基因上被设计只能做琐碎的工作，没有能力做任何其他事情。
And other people were designed to be the rulers, with huge IQs and the capability of understanding things beyond the pale for lesser humans.
而另一些人则被设计成统治者，拥有巨大的智商和理解能力，懂得小人物所不能理解的事情。
The ability to edit our own genomes is one thing we ought to worry about.
我们对编辑自己的基因组感到担忧。
I'm not sure it's so much an ethical problem as a more practical problem.
我不确定这是否是一个伦理问题，或是一个更实际的问题。
What would the consequences be?
它的后果会是什么？
Would the consequences be bad?
后果会很糟糕吗？
And they might be.
可能是吧。
I think it's worth noticing that long before CRISPR, long before we became capable of editingour genomes in any way,
我认为值得注意的是，早在CRISPR之前，早在我们有能力以任何方式编辑我们的基因组之前，
we have been editing the genomes of domestic animals and plantsby artificial selection, not artificial mutation, which is what we're now talking about, butartificial selection.
我们一直在通过人工选择来编辑国内动物和植物的基因组，不是我们现在所讨论的人工突变，而是人工选择。
When you think that a pekinese is a wolf, a genetically modified wolf.
比如皮卡犬是一匹狼，一匹经过基因改造的狼。
Modified not by directly manipulating genes, but by choosing for breeding individuals whohave certain characteristics, for example, small snub nose, et cetera, and making a wolfturn into a pekinese.
不是通过直接操纵基因来进行改造，而是通过选择具有某些特征的个体进行繁殖，例如，改造成小鼻子，等等，使狼变成了皮克犬。
Well, we've been doing that very successfully with domestic animals like dogs, cows, domesticplants, like maize, for a long time.
我们已经非常成功地在狗、牛等家养动物和玉米等家养植物上成功试验。
We've never done that to humans or hardly at all, and Hitler tried it but it's neverreally been properly done with humans, I'm glad to say.
我很高兴地说，从来没有对人类进行过这种试验，或者几乎没有，希特勒也尝试过，但从来没有真正做成过。
So if we've never done that with humans with the easy way, which is artificial selection, it's not obvious why we would suddenly start doing it the difficult way, which is by direct genetic manipulation.
因此，如果我们从来没有用人工选择这样的简单方法对人类进行试验，我们为什么会突然开始用困难的方法，也就是直接进行基因编辑。
There doesn't seem to be integrate eagerness to do it, over the last few centuries anyway.
不管怎么说，在过去的几个世纪里，似乎并没有人热衷于这样做。
People think that introducing traits into offspring is a form of eugenicsand is on a slippery slide to Nazi-ism.
人们认为将性状引入后代是一种优生学的形式，它也正在滑向纳粹主义。
I happen to think that that is a bogus ethical argument but it is by far the majority ethicalargument.
我认为这是一个假的伦理学论点，但它是迄今为止大多数的伦理学论点。
And in many countries, genetic enhancement is or will be illegal.
而且在许多国家，基因强化已经或即将成为非法事件。
And it's gonna take a huge force to overcome that.
我们需要巨大的力量来克服这个问题。
Just as cloning is illegal in virtually every country and when Dolly the sheep was clonedin 1997, there were confident predictions that there's nothing you could do to stophuman cloning.
就像克隆在几乎每个国家都是非法的，当多莉羊在1997年被克隆时，人们充满信心地预测，没有人有办法阻止人类的克隆。
It was just around the corner.
克隆人未来必将实现。
And here we are almost 20 years later and it has not happened.
而现在已经过了将近20年，它还没有发生。
Also the task of engineering high intelligence is turning out to be a lot harder than one might've thought.
另外，高智能工程的任务比人们想象的要难得多。
In the late nineties, it was thought, well, sooner or later we'll find some high IQ genes.
在九十年代末，人们认为，我们迟早会找到一些高智商的基因。
They'll give you three or four points, you put in a handful of them and you get a muchsmarter baby.
他们会给你三到四个点，把其中的一小部分放进人的基因中，这样你会得到一个更聪明的婴儿。
There was going to be the gene for musical talent and the gene for athletic coordination.
人们本来就有音乐天赋的基因和运动协调的基因。
We have every reason to believe that those traits are substantially heritable.
我们完全有理由相信，这些特质是可以大幅度遗传的。
We've known that for decades just because of twin and adoption studies.
仅仅因为双胞胎和收养方面的研究，我们也可以确信这一点。
On the other hand, we also know that the genes responsible are going to
另一方面，我们也知道，一些基因在起作用...
Each one of them is gonna have an incy wincy effect.
每一个基因都会有影响。
And there are dozens, hundreds, maybe thousands of them.
而且现在有几十个，几百个，也许几千个基因。
So making your child smart is not a question of putting in one high IQ gene.
所以，让你的孩子变聪明，可能不仅仅是加一个高智商基因就行了。
It may be a question of putting in a hundred genes or a thousand genes.
而是可能需要加入100个甚至1000个基因。
Every time you monkey with the genome you are taking a chance that something will go wrong.
每次在基因组上做出改变，我们都有可能出错。
Also those genes, the ones that we have identified and we've made enormous progress in, just a few years ago there was not a single gene you could point to that had a positive effecton intelligence.
还有那些基因，我们已经确定的基因，我们已经取得了巨大的进展，就在几年前，我们认为没有一个基因对智力有积极的影响。
Now we can point to a few of them that have incy wincy effects, a third of an IQ point.
现在我们可以指出其中的几个基因对智力有微小的影响，大约会影响三分之一分的智商分数吧。
But on the other hand, we identify them by their correlations with intelligence.
但另一方面，我们可以通过它们与智力的关联性来识别它们。
We have no idea what they do.
我们不知道它们有什么作用。
I mean, if you find that any of those genes is actually expressed in the brain then you've had a really good day as a scientist
我是说，如果你发现这些基因中的任何一个在大脑中得到了体现，那么作为科学家，你应该欣喜若狂，
but to know what the totality of their effects are, positive and negative, is something that we're not gonna know for a long time, if ever, when you're talking about hundreds of thousands of genes.
但要想知道成百上千个基因的整体影响是积极的还是消极的，可能还需要很长时间，如果还有这么一天的话。
How do we know that one of those genes that raises your IQ by a third of a point, doesn'talso increase your chance of epilepsy or schizophrenia or brain cancer.
我们怎么知道其中一个将你的智商提高三分之一的基因，不会同时增加你患癫痫或精神分裂症或脑癌的机会。
Would you think for that matter that parents are going to be willing to take such chanceswith the biological integrity of their children, that in exchange for an increase of an IQ point or two,
你是否认为父母愿意为他们孩子的生物完整性冒这样的风险，为了换取一两分智商的提高，
they're going to take some unknown risk of making the child schizophrenic or bipolar or some other disease that we may not know of, whose probabilities we don't know.
他们会承担一些未知的风险，使孩子患上精神分裂症或躁郁症或其他一些我们可能不知道的疾病，这种疾病的概率我们很难说。
Not so clear that they will.
不太确定父母会冒这样的风险。
