Confessions are poor evidence, eye witnesses are unreliable,
torture is the procedure like the ordeals of earlier eras by which it is sometimes learned whether an interrogate knows anything vital. Yet as Henry Shue noted, the so called uncooperative suspects like Marie who know nothing have no convincing way to demonstrate that, to a torturer. The danger is that the ignorant will be tortured to death by enthusiastic interrogators. Daschuitz critics such as Seamus Miller site problems of creating a torture culture complete with torture training schools. Torture cultures are hard to dismantle. Miller and even Shue suggest that nevertheless it might be morally justifiable for individual private or official to defy a torture ban and that without changing the law courts might justifiable commute most of the sentence. Miller suggests that as penalty for justified defilers a day in jail.