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Hello! I'm John Russell.
大家好！我是约翰·拉塞尔。
Casual speech differs in some ways from what you learn in English class or what you read in books or newspapers.
非正式表达在某种程度上不同于你在英语课上学到的东西以及你在书上或报纸上读到的东西。
The general idea we have explored in previous videos is that casual speech is in some ways like cutting a path through a thick forest.
我们在之前的视频中探讨的大体想法是，非正式表达在某种程度上就像在茂密的森林中开辟一条路。
Except instead of cutting leaves or branches, Americans cut out sounds or parts of words.
不同的是，美国人剪掉的不是树叶或树枝而是单词的发音或单词的某个部分。
Let's see how this idea plays out in terms of modals with positive or negative meanings.
我们来看看这个想法是如何在具有积极或消极意义的情态动词中发挥作用的。
Consider this example: "You should have told me. You should have told me."
考虑一下这个例子：“你本应该告诉我的。你本应该告诉我的。”
In everyday speech, we trim down "should have" to "shoulda."
在日常口语中，我们把“should have”缩读为“shoulda”。
You shoulda told me.
你本应该告诉我的。
In the same way, we trim down "would have" to "woulda".
同样地，我们把“would have”缩读为“woulda”。
For example, "I would have told you, but..." becomes "I woulda told you, but..."
例如，“I would have told you, but...（我本想告诉你的，但是……）”变成了“I woulda told you, but...”
"Could have," as in "You could have told me," becomes "You coulda told me."
“Could have”，如“You could have told me（你本可以告诉我的）”变成了“You coulda told me”。
We also trim down modal structures that have a negative meaning, as in: "You should not have told me."
我们也会简化有否定意义的情态结构，比如：“你本不应该告诉我。”
In casual speech, "should not have" becomes "shouldna," as in "You shouldna told me."
在非正式表达中，“should not have”变成了“shouldna”，比如“You shouldna told me（你本不应该告诉我）。”
Let's end with a quiz.
我们以一个小测验结束吧。
If "should not have" reduces to "shouldna", then how would you reduce "would not have?"
如果“should not have”缩读为“shouldna”，那么你会怎么缩读“would not have”呢？
The answer is this: "would not have" reduces to "wouldna".
答案是：“would not have”缩读为“wouldna”。
And "could not have?" That reduces to "couldna."
“could not have”呢？那就可以缩读为“couldna”。
That's all for today! Keep up the good work!
以上就是本期视频的全部内容！继续加油吧。
