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Okay, so let's talk about the American Dream quote unquote, which is in a lot of ways related to income and social standing, and mobility.
好的，让我们来谈谈引用的美国梦，它在很多方面都与收入、社会地位和流动性有关。
What misconceptions did your research find that US Americans have around the idea that you can kind of start with nothing and work hard, and create a really nice life for yourself?
你的研究发现美国人有什么错误的观念，认为你可以白手起家，然后努力工作，为自己创造真正美好的生活?
So in general, in the US, people tend to be over optimistic in their belief about the American Dream.
所以总的来说，在美国，人们往往对美国梦的信仰过于乐观。
So the data does not show that mobility is that high in the US, the way people believe it.
数据显示，美国的流动性并不像人们想象的那样高。
And this is important because, when you believe in equality of opportunity, that everyone has equal chances to start with, and that everyone can make it, then you're more willing to tolerate inequality in incomes.
这一点很重要，因为当你相信机会平等，每个人从一开始就有平等的机会，每个人都能成功，那么你就更愿意容忍收入不平等。
Because if everyone has the same opportunities to start with, then the outcomes are more likely to be the result of individual merit and effort, and people tend to think they're more fair in that case.
因为如果每个人一开始都有相同的机会，那么结果更有可能是个人价值和努力的结果，在这种情况下，人们倾向于认为他们所处的环境更公平。
And so if people's perceptions of mobility are not in line with reality, ultimately their views about how fair outcomes are, will also be affected.
因此，如果人们对流动性的看法与现实不符，最终他们对结果公平程度的看法也会受到影响。
And so we did this very large study in five countries, which are France, Italy, Sweden, the UK, and the US, and we actually asked people to tell us what they know about social mobility.
所以我们在法国、意大利、瑞典、英国和美国这五个国家做了一项大型研究，我们要求人们告诉我们他们对社会流动性的了解。
So in a sense, if you take children who grow up in different families with different levels of incomes, where will those children on average land when they grow up?
从某种意义上说，如果你拿那些在不同家庭长大、收入水平不同的孩子来说，这些孩子长大后平均收入水平会是多少？
So what is the link between parents' incomes and children's incomes?
那么父母的收入和孩子的收入之间有什么联系呢？
And so what we see is that in general, in European countries, people are more pessimistic than in the US about mobility, but what's more striking is that they're too pessimistic relative to reality.
所以我们看到的是，一般来说，在欧洲国家，人们对流动性的看法比美国更悲观，更令人震惊的是，相对于现实而言，他们有些过于悲观。
So they tend to overestimate, especially the chance of staying stuck in poverty, if you're born in poverty.
因此，如果你出生在贫困中，他们往往会高估你陷入贫困的可能性。
So this is something very stark in Europe.
因此，这在欧洲是非常严峻的事情。
On the other hand, in the US, people are in general pretty accurate about mobility, but they really overestimate this idea of the American Dream, this idea of making it from rags to riches.
另一方面，在美国，人们通常对流动性的看法是相当准确的，但他们真的高估了美国梦这个概念，这个从贫穷到富有的概念。
So when you ask them about how many children who are born towards the bottom of the income distribution will actually end up making it to the top, they really give a much higher number than is the case.
因此，当你问他们有多少出生在收入分配最底层的孩子最终会进入顶层时，他们给出的数字确实比实际情况高得多。
And this is very correlated with ultimately what people want on policies.
这与人们最终想要的政策是非常相关的。
So people who are more pessimistic about mobility, who think that chances are less equal, they support more progressive taxes, more social insurance,
因此，那些对流动性更悲观的人，他们认为机会不太平等，他们支持更多的累进税收，更多的社会保险，
and especially more equality of opportunity type policies such as spending on education and health.
特别是更多的机会平等型政策，比如教育和医疗支出。
And the opposite happens for people who are more optimistic about mobility and believe in the American Dream.
而对于那些对流动性更乐观、更相信美国梦的人来说，情况正好相反。
