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And how do we see ingredients listed on the label?
我们应怎么样理解标签上的食物原料呢?
Manufacturers are required to list all ingredients on the package label with specific guidelines.
国家要求食品生产者必须在包装上以明确条目列出所有原料
Products list ingredients in order based on how much is used, greatest to the least.
这些原料要根据使用量由高到低排列
Some ingredients are listed as spices,
一些原料可以不用列出具体名称
artificial flavours or artificial colours instead of listing each specific ingredient used.
而只需作为调味料人工香料和人工色料出现
The next portion of this presentation will discuss four specific additives,
本将下面将讨论4种特殊的添加剂，
Amaranth, Tartrazine, BHA, and sodium nitrite.
紫红花，酒石黄，丁基羟基茴香醚和亚硝酸钠
Amaranth is a general term that refers to whole family of herbs.
紫红花是一种涉及到药草的常规物质
The flowers of the Hopi Red Dye Amaranth,
霍皮红染料紫红花的花朵
were used by the Hopi Indians as the source of a deep red dye.
曾被霍皮印第安人制成深红染料
Today we use it as a colour additive to add colour to
当今我们将其作为颜色添加剂用于
product such as hot dog casings, ice cream, medication, make up and pet food.
热狗肠衣，冰淇淋，药品，化妆品和宠物食品的生产中
In the 1970's data from a Russian study began to
俄罗斯70年代的一项数据研究
raise questions about the additive as a possible cause of brain tumors and this prompted the wide scare.
提出添加剂可能是患脑瘤的因素之一，这引起了广泛恐慌
The issue then went to the FDA where they perform their own study and came up with inconclusive results.
这一问题引起了食药局的关注，于是开展研究，但并没有得出明确结论
It became a bigger issue after the consumer oriented health research group petitioned the FDA to ban Amaranth.
以消费者为主导的健康研究团体请求食药局禁止紫红花的使用后，这一问题争议更大
Also known as Red nr 2.
这种物质又称Red nr 2
Which then began to get attention from consumers.
紫红花由此受到了消费者的关注
Once again the FDA's toxicology committee found the additive to be safe but after reviews
食药局的毒理学委员会再次提出添加剂是安全的，但检验后
they concluded that there may be a relation to malignant tumors in female mice.
该机构认为该物质可能与雌性老鼠体内的恶性肿瘤存在关联
The additive was then banned from being used in the United States to prevent fear in consumers.
由此美国为了打消消费者的恐慌，禁止该物质的使用
A study published in the food and chemical toxicology journal in 2008
杂志《食品与化学》于2008发布的一项研究
looked at potential carcinogenic effects of Amaranth.
关注紫红花可能存在的致癌效应
It was done with mice where Amaranth was administered twice at 24 hour intervals orally.
该研究每隔24小时使老鼠口服两次紫红花
The mice received 200 or a 1000 milligrams which would be an amount that is less than one teaspoon
老鼠注入200或1000毫克该物质不足一匙的量
and there was also a control group that was given corn oil and water.
实验中对照组的老鼠们服用玉米油和水
Researchers then examined the mice's gut and feces and tested for any damage to the DNA to determine
然后研究者们检验老鼠的内脏和排泄物，并探测任何有损DNA的物质
if there was any possible mutations that could cause cancer,
以确定是否存在突变而导致癌症
and if there were any other type of negative consequences from the dosing.
或紫红花的注入是否存在其他不良影响
This graph shows the cell changes to mice
这个图表显示的是
as a result of the exposure to Amaranth as well as three other additives.
注入紫红花以及其他三种添加剂的老鼠体内的细胞变化
Located inside the red box the researchers determined that
研究者们认为
the incidence of tissue damage in mice given Amaranth was not statistically different from that of the other control groups.
食用紫红花的老鼠们发生组织损伤的机率在数据上与其他对照组没有什么不同
In the control groups the incidence of tissue damage was low
对照组中组织损伤发生机率低些
but when researchers compared food additives to the control group
但当研究者比较食品添加剂时发现
there was an increase in cell division.
对照组中细胞分离现象较多
But overall the results show when Amaranth is given orally at 24 hour intervals
但整体上来说实验结果说明当老鼠每隔24小时
the dye did not significantly increase tissue damage in the gut for doses given up to 1000 milligrams.
口服紫红花高达1000毫克时都不会导致内脏组织损伤的明显增加
According to the authors Tesuda and Tesaki the observed damages
据作者Tesuda和Tesaki认为，观察到的损伤
was not from the toxicity, cell death or accelerated cell growth but maybe from other causes.
并非来自细胞毒性死亡或加速的细胞增长而可能是其他原因
