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petroleum
n.石油
Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.
石油是由于被困于沉淀物中的有机生物经缓慢地埋藏，且在高温高压的催变下转化而成的.
observations-observation
n.观察
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed.
除了对以往观察做出解释，实用性理论会帮助我们预测尚未观察到的事情。
oak
n.橡树
An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.
橡树是竞争者的绝佳案例。
normally
adv.正规地，正常地
Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay.
通常而言，动植物尸骸会通过掠夺和腐烂而完全损毁。
focus
n.焦点；中心，v.使聚焦；聚焦在
These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship, studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
这些作家被称之为自然主义者，他们通常会关注经济困难，研究人民贫苦，关注城市和工业生活的多方面。
flight
n.飞行；飞跃
Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.
无需赘言，每次“飞行尝试”都会远离鸟巢。
feathers-feather
n.羽毛
By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats.
到19世纪70年代中期，玻璃纤维会优质于蚕丝，并编制成纺布，或模仿鸵鸟羽毛装饰帽子。
evolved-evolve
v.逐渐形成；进化
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air.
虽与爬行类动物飞龙目为同一祖先，但鸟类进化极为分散，在“统治”天空上也极为出色。
estimated-estimate
v.估计
In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for agriculture,
在北美，制作碳酸钾可用于农业清洁，
for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered by the sale of potash.
而比销售碳酸钾，农业清洁恢复的费用，制作碳酸钾是前者的一半。
crust
n.地壳；外壳
crustal
adj.地壳的
Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface.
通常情况下，若地壳被岩浆“侵蚀”，冷却速度将减慢，岩浆仍会存留在表面以下。
conflict
n.冲突，矛盾v.矛盾，冲突
Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
对于表现力强的领导人，他们很少会提及团队的大体目标，而是为团队成员加油鼓劲，减少成员间的冲突和紧张。
