21. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

【分析】复合句。句子主干为 the interaction and confrontation...transforms...claim into...discovery。as 引导的时间状语从句。主句中 between...involved 作定语，修饰主语 the interaction and confrontation。

【译文】当一个发现申明通过了科学界的层层考验，与之相关的科学和技术所共有和冲突的信念间相互作用、相互对抗，使个人申明的发现转化成为科学界可信的发现。

22. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.

【分析】复合句。句子主干为 work tends to focus on...，that 引导定语从句，修饰 knowledge。

【译文】第一，科学工作倾向于针对现有的知识中被认为不完全或不正确的某个方向。

【点拨】prevailing“普遍的；流行的”。