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1994
not so much…as… 可以理解为“...不如...那么多”，引申为“与其说是...不如说是...”
because of “因为”
in short “总之，简言之”
as we call it “我们所谓的”
a series of “一系列”
over the years “多年来，这些年来”
turn…on… 词典解释为“开启, 变得兴奋, 突然装出, 开始”，但题中turn...telescope on the heaven可译为“把...望远镜对准太空”
rather than “与其...不如...”或“不是...而是...”，在此应理解为“而不是...”
at the expense of “由...付费；以...为代价”
vice versa 拉丁语“反之亦然”
depend on “依赖，依靠，取决于”
the driving force “驱动力”
1995
in doing sth. “在做...的过程中”
divert…from… “把...从...转移开来”
lie with… “取决于”
be validated by… “被...所证实”
whether…or… “是做...还是做...”，句中可译为“是使用...还是使用...”
depend upon…and on… “取决于...同时还取决于...”
depend upon…and upon…“取决于...同时还取决于...”
such…as… “诸如...这样的...”
in general “通常，大体上，一般来说”
for example “例如”
compensate for “补偿，赔偿，弥补”
grow up “长大”
under…circumstances. “在...情况下”（under no circumstances 无论如何，决不）
1996
be results of… “是...的结果；由于...的原因”
social needs “社会需求”
to some extent “在某种程度上”
come to the conclusion “得出了这样的结论”
make demand of… “提出要求”
scientific establishment “科研机构”
in detail 详细地
a certain amount of “一定数量的”
not related to… “与...没有关系”
immediate goals “直接目标”
be unable to do… “没有能力去做...”
in principle “原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”
deal with “解决，处理”
new forms of thought “新的思维方式”
as well as “和，也，又”
new subjects for thought “新的思维对象（或内容）”
in the past “过去”
give rise to sth. “引起，导致”
