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There are some people who believe, some researchers who believe that everything we do is driven by a desire to achieve something.
有些人，有些研究人员认为我们所做的每一件事，都是为了实现某个目标。
And, in fact, we've had some controversy in the literature, some back and forth in the science about how likely it is that people ever respond without a goal.
事实上，关于人们在没有目标的情况下做出回应的可能性有多大，在文献作品中还存在争议，在科学界也摇摆不定。
How do habits and goals actually interact?
习惯和目标之间是如何互相影响的？
And what parts are involved in getting someone to get up in the morning and go running even when it's dark and miserable and they don't feel like it.
一个人每天起床，在黑暗和痛苦的状态下去跑步，虽然他们并不喜欢，这里面究竟涉及到了哪些因素？
Is that a habit, a goal, willpower?
那是一种习惯，一个目标，是意志力吗？
How do all of those things interact?
这些元素之间是如何互相影响的？
It's probably a little bit of both, all of those things, but it's definitely habit.
也许习惯和目标都有，所有因素都有，但它肯定是一种习惯。
People act on habits, but still interpret their behavior as if it was goal-directed, as if it was designed to achieve some outcome that occurred after the habit happened.
人们会根据习惯行动，但仍然会说自己的行为是为了某个目标，好像它就是为了实现习惯养成之后才出现的某个结果。
A lot of researchers became convinced that habits aren't important.
很多研究人员相信了习惯并不重要。
They don't explain anything that's useful really about human experience but just recognize that if you are trying to change a behavior that involves repetition, there's gonna be other mechanisms involved.
它们没有解释任何关于人类经验有用的东西，但是记住，如果你想改变一种包含重复的行为，就会涉及到其他机制。
The best example of that was with anti-smoking campaigns.
这方面最好的例子就是反吸烟运动。
And this was one time in which the US government took effective steps to help us control unwanted behavior.
这是美国政府采取的有效措施，帮助我们控制不必要的行为。
They taxed cigarettes.
他们给烟征税。
They banned smoking in public places.
他们禁止人们在公共场所抽烟。
They removed cues, so you can't find cigarettes on a store shelf anymore.
他们取消了提示，这样你就没法在商店货架上找到香烟了。
You have to go ask somebody.
你必须得问人。
By changing cues and adding friction, we cut smoking in this country from 50% to where it is now, 15%, by addressing the things that change habits.
通过改变提示和增加阻力，我们把美国的吸烟率从50%降低到了现在的15%，它只是解决了那些会改变习惯的事情而已。
So we're able to show in research that goals aren't necessary to drive behavior, that they can be confabulated after.
所以我们能够在研究中表明目标对驱动行为并不是必需的，它们是后来幻想出来的。
These research findings suggest that there is a separation between these two constructs, but our experience suggests that they're the same.
这些研究结果表明，这两种构念之间存在分离，但我们的经验却表明它们是相同的。
This lure of phenomenology and our belief in the powers of introspection, I think are closely tied.
我认为现象学的诱惑和我们对内省力量的信仰是紧密联系在一起的。
Both of which contribute to this misunderstanding that habits are not important in human behavior.
这两种情况都导致了一种误解，即习惯在人类行为中并不重要。
Habits are always there.
习惯总是存在的。
They're always available, but every once in a while we intervene and do something more thoughtfully.
它们随处可在，但每隔一段时间，我们就会介入，做一些刻意思考的事情。
So there's all kinds of different mental models integrating these two systems, and I think that's going to be one of the most interesting questions for the next decade is figuring out how they interact.
所以有各种把这两个系统整合在一起的思维模式，我认为这将是未来十年最有趣的问题之一，那就是弄清楚它们是如何相互作用的。
