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打印
The first Industrial Revolution replaced the village blacksmith with large factories and standardized parts.
第一次工业革命用大工厂和标准化零件取代了乡村铁匠。
Today, a new technology promises not only to make replacement parts on the fly, but also to create original and custom products that could not have been made in the past.
如今，一项新技术承诺不仅能快速制造可替换部件，还能创造出过去无法制造的原创和定制产品。
The technology behind all this is 3-D printing.
这一切背后的技术是3D打印。
What is 3-D printing?
什么是3D打印？
When I talk about 3-D printing and how it works, one of my favorite analogies is to use a loaf of bread, and slicing it layer by layer.
当我谈到3D打印及其工作原理时，我最喜欢的比喻之一就是一条面包，一层一层地切片。
And if you wanted to make a loaf of bread by each individual layer, you would just stack them on top of each other until you had your full loaf of bread.
如果你想一层一层地做一条面包，你只需要把它们一层一层地堆起来，然后你就拥有了一个完整的面包。
A 3-D printed object is essentially a stack of a bunch of 2-D images.
3-D打印的物体本质上是一堆2D图像。
It's a really simple process, that you might not [like] think that… that whoever came up with it was extremely smart, even though all the machines are very simple, ranging from the laser sintering machines all the way down to kind of the consumer-grade machines.
这是一个非常简单的过程，所以你可能不会(喜欢)认为…尽管所有的机器都非常简单，从激光烧结机一直到消费级的机器，但发明它的人都非常聪明。
They all work with the same relative process… like I said… layers.
就像我说的，它们都有相同的工作过程…层次。
Printing methods vary, depending on the material used.
根据所用材料的不同，打印方法也会有所不同。
Here, a printer melts and ejects plastic into fine layers, fusing it onto the shape of a cup from a computer-controlled nozzle.
在这里，打印机将塑料熔化并喷射成细微的层，通过电脑控制喷嘴将其熔化成杯子的形状。
The plastic comes in a variety of colors, so designers can be creative.
塑料有多种颜色可供选择，因此设计师可以发挥创意。
Another method builds layers using a powerful laser and a fine powder.
另一种方法是使用强大的激光和细粉建造层状结构。
Here, a titanium object grows -- which is to say, its layers build -- as the powdered metal is poured on top and fused together by the laser.
在这里，钛物体生长——也就是说，当粉末金属倒在顶部并通过激光融合在一起时，它的层就会形成。
3-D printing in plastic is often quite affordable.
塑料3-D打印通常是比较实惠的。
Some finished products may even be flexible.
有些成品甚至可能是可弯曲的。
3-D printing in metal is typical for custom mechanical parts.
金属3-D打印通常用于定制机械零件。
Scientists are investigating 3-D printing applied to living tissue.
科学家们正在研究将3D打印应用于活组织。
In this example, the 3-D printer creates a blood vessel structure which dissolves away as tissue grows around it.
在这个例子中，3D打印机创建了一个血管结构，当周围的组织生长时，血管结构就会溶解。
Genetically engineered cells are placed in the structure.
基因工程细胞被放置在结构中。
The results hold their shape as the cells grow together.
当细胞一起生长时，也会保持它们的形状。
Software allows people to design virtual objects on a computer, but the whole process can be rather organic.
软件允许人们在计算机上设计虚拟物体，但整个过程可以是有机的。
I always tell people the best modeling tool is a piece of paper and a pen… because they’re all just tools to an end process.
我总是告诉人们，最好的建模工具是一张纸和一支笔…因为它们是通向最终过程的工具。
The actual 3-D modeling using the computer is just a tool to take your idea and put it in the computer with more definition, dimensions and those types of things.
真正3-D建模过程中，计算机只是一种工具，可以将你的想法输入计算机，使其具有更多的清晰度、维度和那些类型的东西。
And then sometimes testing with 3-D printing, then then which is great, because you can test it in real life.
可以使用3-D打印进行测试，这非常好，因为你的测试可以在现实生活中进行。
Then id makes some changes possibly by sketching again.
然后进行一些修改，可能需要重新画草图。
We also have applications, so you don't need any experience whatsoever to start being able to make finished quality products that you would be proud to say: "I made this."
我们也有应用程序，所以你不需要任何经验就可以开始制作高质量成品，你会自豪地说：“这是我做的。”
