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Well hey there I'm Emma from mmmEnglish!
大家好，我是mmmEnglish的艾玛!
Today we're going to talk about two words that are pretty similar.
今天我们要讲两个非常相似的单词。
Two words that I know many of you have been confused about: which or that?
有两个词我知道你们很多人都会搞混：which还是that?
Now these words are exactly what we're going to talk about today, 'which' or 'that' in relative clauses.
这两个词正是我们今天要讲的，关系从句中的which和that。
And I'll check that you've been listening at the end of this lesson because I've got a mini quiz to test you, right?
我会检查你们有没有好好听，在这节课末尾我准备了一个小测验考考你们，好吗？
Ten questions in a little over two minutes.
十个问题，两分多钟。
So make sure you pay attention.
所以一定要仔细听。
So which one is it? Which or that?
所以到底用哪一个呢？which还是that？
These words are super, super common.
这两个词非常常见。
They have lots of different uses and meanings which causes confusion.
它们有很多不同的用法和含义，很容易搞混。
Which cat? That cat!
哪只猫？那只猫！
Did you see that?
看到了吗？
Which way do I need to go?
我该走哪条路？
But we're not going to go over all of the different uses of 'which' and 'that' in this video today.
但是在今天的视频中，我们不会去讲which和that的所有不同用法。
There's loads!
那实在太多了！
Today we'll focus on those times when it's confusing or it's unclear which one you should be using.
今天我们将重点关注那些令人困惑或不清楚应该使用哪个词的地方。
Which or that?
which还是that？
And that's when they're used in relative clauses to introduce adjective clauses.
也就是它们在关系从句中用来引导定语从句的时候。
Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.
等等。
Just pause for a second here.
在这里听一下。
Relative clause, adjective clause, what are we talking about? That sounds confusing!
关系从句，定语从句，在讲什么？听起来好困惑！
Let's look at a few examples. It's much easier than it sounds.
让我们来看几个例子。它比听起来容易多了。
So take a look at this sentence here.
看看这个句子。
My car, which is brand new, is making strange noises.
我的新车在发出奇怪的声音。
Now can you see that this sentence has two parts?
现在你能看到这个句子有两个部分吗？
Two separate bits of information about the car.
关于这辆车的两个独立的信息。
My car which is brand new.
我的新车。
My car is making strange noises.
我的车在发出奇怪的声音。
See how each of these clauses has a subject and a verb.
看这两个从句都有一个主语和一个动词。
That's what makes it a clause.
合起来就组成了从句。
Now look at the clause that starts with 'which'.
现在看看以which开头的从句。
That clause gives us more information about the subject.
那个从句给了我们关于主语的更多信息。
It's not just my car, it's my brand new car.
不只是我的车，而是我崭新的车。
So 'which' and 'that' are often used at the beginning of clauses that give us more information about the subject.
所以“which”和“that”经常用在从句的开头，给我们提供更多关于主语的信息。
And these are the adjective clauses that we talked about earlier.
这就是我们之前讲的定语从句。
They describe the subject in more detail.
它们描述了关于主语的更多细节。
But there is an important difference that you need to remember.
但你需要记住一个重要的区别。
'That' is used for essential clauses.
that用于必需的从句中。
Now essential means you need it, it's necessary.
必需意味着你需要知道，它是必要的信息。
You need to use 'that' when you are adding information that's important.
当你补充重要的信息时，你要用that引导。
Without it, we wouldn't know exactly what you're talking about.
没有这个信息，我们不清楚你在讲什么。
We use 'which' when the information is not essential.
我们用which引导不必要的从句。
It's nice to have extra information but we don't have to have it to understand the meaning.
多知道一些信息很不错，但不知道也不影响我们理解句子的意思。
Without it, we're still going to understand the clause in the sentence.
没有它，我们仍然可以明白句子的意思。
Let's look at a few examples together.
让我们一起来看几个例子。
Remember my car? My brand new car.
还记得我的车吗？我的新车。
I'm using 'which' in this sentence because the information that my car is brand new is not essential to the meaning in this sentence.
我在这个句子中使用了which，因为我的车是全新的这一信息对这个句子的意思并不是必要的。
I only have one car.
我只有一辆车。
If I take that part of the sentence out, then the sentence still makes sense, right?
如果我把这个部分去掉，这个句子仍然能说得通，对吧？
My car is making strange noises.
我的车发出奇怪的声音。
Same car, same problem. Just lacking a bit of detail.
同样的车，同样的问题。只是缺少一点细节。
But now let's look at a different example.
但是现在让我们看另外一个例子。
The car that I hired last week was making strange noises.
我上周租的汽车发出奇怪的声音。
Now I used 'that' because it's important, essential information.
现在我用that是因为它是重要的、必要的信息。
I'm trying to be specific about the car because it's not clear which one I'm talking about.
我想说得具体一些，因为你不清楚我说的是哪辆车。
There are lots of cars for hire.
有很多车出租。
Maybe I've even driven more than one.
也许我开过不止一辆车。
So that is introducing information that helps me to be specific about which car, alright?
这就是介绍信息帮我更具体地说明是哪辆车，对吧？
We can't take that part of the sentence out because then the sentence isn't clear, right?
我们不能把这部分去掉，因为这样句意就不清楚了，对吧？
It just doesn't make sense.
这就说不通了。
Which car was making noises?
哪辆车发出奇怪的声音？
