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This episode of SciShow is sponsored by Wix. Go to wix.com/go/scishow to create your own website.
本期《科学秀》由Wix赞助播出。登陆wix.com/go/scishow创建自己的网站。
Animals live in some pretty extreme places, but 'uhini nene pele or the lava cricket might be the most hardcore of them all.
动物生活在一些非常极端的地方，但熔岩蟋蟀可能是其中最硬核的一种。
It lives on freshly cooled lava from the Hawaiian volcano Kilauea. And only on freshly cooled lava.
它们生活在夏威夷基拉韦厄火山刚刚冷却的熔岩上，且只生活在刚刚冷却的熔岩上。
In fact, though they were long known to native Hawaiians,
事实上，夏威夷本地人虽然对它们很熟悉，
scientists have only spotted them a few times, always right after volcanic eruptions.
但科学家仅发现过它们几次，而且总是恰好在火山爆发之后。
And the first collection, in 1973, occurred about 100 meters away from a still-bubbling volcanic vent.
第一次收集是在1973年，距离一个仍在冒泡的火山口约百米的地方。
While we don't know as much about these awesome insects as we'd like,
虽然我们对这些令人敬畏的昆虫所知不多，
they could teach us a lot about how animals adapt to extreme environments.
但它们可以教会我们很多关于动物如何适应极端环境的知识。
As you might have guessed, lava is a pretty terrible habitat for, well, anything really.
正如大家猜测的那样，对于任何事物而言，熔岩是一个相当可怕的栖息地。
Surface temperatures can reach 60 degrees celsius during the day and then fall dramatically by up to 50 degrees at night.
白天其表面温度可达60摄氏度，然后晚上急剧下降至50度。
It's also super dry—not just because there's very little rainfall on the volcano,
而且超干燥，这不仅仅是因为火山雨水少，
but also because the hot, black surface of the lava makes it all evaporate.
而且熔岩炎热漆黑的表面会让雨水全部蒸发。
And lava doesn't really hold water on the surface anyway, it all dribbles down into the porous rock.
无论如何，熔岩表面都无法留住水分，所有的水都滴进了多孔的岩石里。
Oh and don't forget about the boiling hot steam vents piping out sulfurous gases.
还有！别忘了滚烫的蒸汽喷口会排出含硫气体。
It's so unwelcoming that some scientists consider this environment the most inhospitable habitat in the world.
这个地方非常不受欢迎，所以一些科学家认为这种环境是世界上最不宜居的栖息地。
But, of course, volcanic islands eventually end up with life on them,
但当然，火山岛的熔岩上最终有了生命，
so something must see that barren rock and think "Yeah, this'll work".
这群生物一定是看到了这片贫瘠的岩石，然后想“太好啦，这里可以的。”
You might expect that something to be algae, or maybe a jack-of-all-trades insect
你或许会以为选择这片岩石的是一些藻类或一种多面小昆虫
that can live almost anywhere and eat almost anything, something that's able to fly in from afar.
它们可以在几乎任何地方生存，以任何东西为食，并且能从远处飞进来的东西。
Instead, in Hawaii anyway, what you get is a wingless cricket with a super-specialized diet.
相反在夏威夷，它们是一种没有翅膀的蟋蟀，且饮食非常特别。
Lava crickets are close relatives of the crickets that live in lava tubes and other Hawaiian caves, and they're really small.
熔岩蟋蟀是生活在熔岩洞和其他夏威夷洞穴中的蟋蟀的近亲，而且它们真的很小。
Adults only reach about a centimeter in length, tops, and are hard to spot, they blend in almost perfectly with the lava.
成年蟋蟀长顶多1厘米，很难发现它们，它们几乎完美地和熔岩融为一体。
They're a part of what's called an aeolian ecosystem,
它们是风成生态系统的一部分，
which means their main source of food is brought in from outside the area they're living in.
这意味着它们的主要食物来源是从它们居住地之外的地区带进来的。
The crickets are around long before any plants or seeds establish themselves,
这种蟋蟀早在植物或种子形成前就存在了，
so they're scavengers that feed on spores, pollen, other insects,
所以它们是食腐动物，以孢子、花粉、其他昆虫
or whatever bits of plant or dust are swept in from the surrounding forests by those strong winds.
或是被强风从周围森林卷入的植物或粉尘为食。
And they might get a lot of their protein and nitrogen needs from sea foam that drifts upward from the ocean.
它们或许能够从海洋上漂浮的泡沫中获取大量所需的蛋白质和营养物。
As far as anyone can tell, the crickets are nocturnal and mostly hang out in cracks and under rocks where their food collects.
据知，这些蟋蟀是夜间动物，大部分会出现在它们收藏食物的裂缝中和岩石下。
Scientists actually catch them by sticking a bit of stinky cheese in a wine bottle to create a baited trap of sorts,
科学家们实际上是通过在酒瓶里放一点发臭的奶酪来捕捉它们的，
the smell seems to draw them in like flies to vinegar.
这种气味就像苍蝇被醋吸引一样吸引着它们。
And though bare lava is an incredibly rough habitat to live in, there are some advantages,
虽然裸露的熔岩是艰苦的居住地，但也有一些优势，
which may explain why the crickets are found there.
这或许能够解释为什么这里会发现这些蟋蟀了。
Like, the fact that it's a nice, open range for them to roam around on and there seems to be no competition.
比如，事实上，这是一个很好且开放的地方，它们可以四处游荡，这里似乎没有对手。
But since these extreme insects are only found after eruptions, and, thankfully,
但由于极端的昆虫只在火山爆发后才出现，
those don't happen all the time, scientists still have a lot of questions.
还好这不常发生，所以科学家们仍有很多疑问。
Like: Where are they when there isn't any fresh lava? And how do they get to the lava without wings?
比如，没有新鲜熔岩时，它们住在哪里？没有翅膀的它们怎么来到这里的？
They only seem to occur far from the edge of a cooled lava flow, and they are never found where plants are growing.
它们似乎只出现在远离冷却熔岩流边缘的地方，绝不会出现在植物生长的地方。
And, how they find each other, or find a mate without wings to chirp with?
它们是如何找到彼此的，或者找到一个没有翅膀还可以一起唧唧叫的伴侣？
I mean, that's kind of what crickets are known for.
我是说这就是蟋蟀的特点。
Understanding how these little insects have adapted to such a harsh environment
了解这些小昆虫如何适应如此恶劣的环境
could help scientists understand how new ecosystems are colonized more generally.
可以帮助科学家理解新生态系统是如何被更广泛地被开拓为殖民地的。
And researchers are going to get the opportunity to study these crickets more,
研究人员将获得进一步了解这些蟋蟀的机会，
after all, Kilauea erupted for several months in 2018, and it'll almost certainly erupt again.
毕竟基拉韦厄火山在2018年喷发了几个月，它几乎肯定会再次爆发。
Lava crickets have evolved to be among the first if not the first animals to colonize lava flows,
熔岩蟋蟀已经进化成了最早在熔岩流中定居的动物之一，
which is kind of inspiring, when you think about it.
想想还有些激动呢。
If a little cricket can brave that desolate environment, surely you can go out on a limb
如果一只小蟋蟀都能勇敢地面对那荒凉的环境，大家当然也可以去冒险
and start your own business or do whatever it is that you really want to do.
自己创业或者做任何你真正想做的事情。
And that's something Wix can help with. After all, no matter what your career is, you're gonna need some kind of website.
Wix可以帮上忙，毕竟，不论你做什么职业，你都需要网站。
And Wix can help you get everything you need to get one up and running,
Wix可以帮助你获得关于网站的一切
including a website builder, reliable web hosting, and the best SEO for your website.
包括网站生成器、可靠的虚拟主机以及最好的搜索引擎优化。
You can DIY your design with their drag-and-drop builder, or let their AI do the initial design for you.
你可以和他们的拖放建设者共同设计网站，也可以让他们的AI为你提供初步设计。
And all Wix sites are mobile optimized, so they'll look just as great on your phone as they do on your computer.
所有Wix都是移动优化，所以它们在手机上和在电脑上看起来一样棒。
Over 125 million people worldwide choose Wix to create a website and manage their business online.
全球超过1.25亿人选择Wix创建网站并在线管理他们的业务。
And if you want to join them, all you have to do head to wix.com/go/scishow to get started!
如果你想加入他们，只需登录head to wix.com/go/scishow。
