Eventually, DARPA plans to pit teams of two planes against each other, each team being controlled jointly by a human and an AI.Many air forces hope that, one day, a single human pilot might even orchestrate, though not micromanage, a whole fleet of accompanying unmanned planes.For this to work, the interaction between human and machine will need to be seamless.Here, as Suzy Broadbent, a human-factors psychologist at BAE, observes, the video-game and digital-health industries both have contributions to make.Under her direction, Tempest's engineers are working on "adaptive autonomy", in which sensors measure a pilot's sweat, heart-rate,brain activity and eye movement in order to judge whether he or she is getting overwhelmed and needs help.This approach has been tested in light aircraft, and further tests will be conducted next year in Typhoons, fighter jets made by a European consortium that includes BAE.Ms Broadbent's team is also experimenting with novel ways to deliver information to a pilot, from a Twitter-like feed to an anthropomorphic avatar."People think the avatar option might be a bit ridiculous," says Ms Broadbent, who raises the spectre of Clippy,a famously irritating talking paper clip that harangued users of Microsoft Office in the 1990s and 2000s.
最终，DARPA计划让两架飞机组成的团队相互竞争，每个团队由一个人类和一个人工智能共同控制。许多空军希望未来可以由一名人类飞行员可以指挥整个随行的无人机编队，而不仅仅是对其进行微管理。要做到这一点，需要人与机器之间进行无缝交互。正如BAE的人为因素心理学家苏西・布罗德本特所观察到的那样，电子游戏和数字健康产业都可以助其一臂之力。在她的指导下，Tempest的工程师们正在研究“适应性自主”，用传感器测量飞行员的汗量、心率、大脑活动和眼球运动，以此来判断他或她是否力不能及、需要帮助。这种方法已经在轻型飞机上进行了测试，明年还将在由包括BAE在内的一家欧洲财团制造的“台风”战斗机上进行进一步测试。布罗德本特女士的团队也在尝试用新方式向飞行员提供信息，从类似推特的进料装置到人形化身。“人们觉得化身这个选择可能有点荒谬，”布罗德本特女士说，她提出了Clippy的幽灵，即一种著名的会说话的回形针，曾于20世纪90年代和21世纪初对微软办公软件的用户‘高谈阔论’。
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