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This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Susanne Bard.
This July, just one year after turning pro, 15-year-old Coco Gauff beat tennis superstar Venus Williams in the first round at Wimbledon.
She went on to win two more rounds against highly ranked players during the tournament.
Similarly, in 2009 17-year-old Melanie Oudin beat a series of top-ranked opponents, making it to the fifth round of the U.S. Open.
How did these newcomers do so well?
One factor―in addition to stellar play―could have been their meteoric rise in status both prior to and during the tournament.
Opponents seeing the newbies' names climb in the rankings might have been somewhat psyched out.
It's a phenomenon that Duke University researcher Hemant Kakkar calls "status momentum":
"If that person is gaining momentum, you tend to feel more threatened or intimidated by their momentum.
And as a result, your performance is impaired."
Kakkar and his colleagues analyzed more than 100,000 matchups between tennis pros and millions of amateur chess games.
They found that players fared worse when facing opponents who were rising in rank.
And it's not just that the rise in rank reflected higher skills.
"Our research shows that you will be more threatened by someone who has improved their ranking from 10 to eight to four than who was always at four.
Even though the two players have objectively the same rank, you feel more threatened by the one who has risen in rank."
这里是科学美国人――60秒科学系列,我是苏珊娜・巴德。
今年(2019年)7月,在转为职业选手仅一年后,15岁的科科・高夫就在温网首轮击败了网球超级巨星维纳斯・威廉姆斯(大威)。
接下来,她在温网又赢下两轮,连续击败排名靠前的选手。
同样,2009年时,17岁的梅兰妮・奥丁击败了多名高排名对手,成功挺进美网公开赛第五轮。
这些新人是如何做到如此出色的?
除了一流的表现外,还有一个因素可能是:她们的地位在赛前和赛中迅速崛起。
看到新人排名不断攀升,对手可能有点吓坏了。
这就是杜克大学研究员赫曼特・卡卡尔所称的“地位动量”现象。
“如果那个人获得了动量,你往往会被他们的动量威胁或恐吓到。
这会导致你的表现受损。”
卡卡尔和同事分析了网球职业比赛和数百万业余棋类比赛中的10万多对选手。
他们发现,面对排名上升的对手时,选手的表现更差。
而且这不仅仅因为排名上升代表更高的技能。
“我们的研究表明,与稳居第4名相比,某人将自已的排名从第10提高到第8再提升到第4时,你感受到的威胁会更大。
即使客观来说两名选手的排名相同,但你还是会认为排名上升的选手威胁更大。”
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