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This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.
Deep in the Amazon lives one of the world's largest freshwater fish: the legendary Arapaima.
It tips the scales at hundreds of pounds,
making it a coveted catch for extreme anglers, like Jeremy Wade from the show River Monsters.
After a dramatically scored struggle, he catches one. It takes two guys to hold it up!
"There it is. Look at that for a fish! Look at that massive female Arapaima; about 150 pounds."
Speaking of scales, this giant fish has another superlative quality:
"It has these very impressive armored scales on its body,
which prevent penetration by predators teeth yet still makes the fish quite flexible and nimble in the water."
Robert Ritchie, a materials scientist at U.C. Berkeley.
The predators he's talking about are piranhas.
But the mighty Arapaima has them beat with its scales―one of the "toughest flexible biological materials," according to Ritchie's team.
After subjecting the scales to stress tests and electron microscopy in the lab, they figured out the scales' secrets.
For one, they have a hard, mineralized layer on the outside.
"You need the hard layer at the surface to prevent the thing from penetrating.
But if the whole scale was made of this hard layer, it would just shatter, like if you tried to penetrate a piece of glass."
And so the scale then has a layer of softer but tougher collagen on the inside―more resistant to cracking in a piranha's bite.
这里是科学美国人――60秒科学系列,我是克里斯托弗・因塔格里塔。
亚马逊河深处生活着世界上最大的淡水鱼之一:传说中的巨骨舌鱼。
它重达数百磅,
因此成为了电视节目《河中巨怪》里令杰里米・韦德等极限垂钓者梦寐以求的猎物。
经过激烈斗争,韦德抓住了一只巨骨舌鱼。两个人才能把它抬起来!
“这就是巨骨舌鱼。快看这条鱼有多大!这只巨大的雌性巨骨舌鱼大概有150磅重。”
说到鱼鳞,这种巨型鱼还有一个卓越的特质:
“它身上有防御性极强的鱼鳞,
既可以防止被捕食者的牙齿咬穿,又能确保其在水中灵活敏捷地畅游。”
加州大学伯克利分校的材料科学家罗伯特・里奇说到。
他所说的捕食者是水虎鱼。
但强大的巨骨舌鱼用鱼鳞击败了水虎鱼,据里奇团队介绍,巨骨舌鱼的鱼鳞是“最坚硬且最柔韧的生物材料”之一。
在实验室对巨骨舌鱼的鳞片进行压力测试和电子显微镜检查后,他们发现了鳞片的秘密。
首先,鳞片表面有非常坚硬的矿化层。
“表层要非常坚硬才能防止被穿透。
但如果整个鳞片都由这种硬层构成,那在被刺后就会像玻璃一样破碎。”
因此,鱼鳞内部有一层更柔软也更坚韧的胶原蛋白,能更好地抵抗水虎鱼的撕咬。
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