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This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Christopher Intagliata.
The Apollo missions brought back 842 pounds of rock and soil from the moon... nearly 2200 different samples.
But there's one sample that planetary scientist Meenakshi Wadhwa says is the most interesting of all: "Apollo 1-0-0-8-5."
Neil Armstrong collected it on Apollo 11.
"He was about to step back into the lunar module and he turned around
and had this rock box and he saw little spaces in there
and he knew that these geologists on earth would be just so excited to study these materials,
he just scooped up I think nine scoops of soil that he put into the box."
It became one of the most well studied samples of the Apollo missions, she says.
And a geologist named John Wood, at the Smithsonian, noticed white flecks of rock in the soil...
which he identified as a rock type called anorthosite.
And it clued him in to the moon's ancient past.
"And this was quite a leap of imagination but he proposed that the whole of the moon had at one time in the past,
you know, somewhere close to 4.5 billion years ago, been almost covered with a global magma ocean. You know, an ocean of lava.
And so this was a revolutionary idea at the time.
Because people had thought the moon had formed cold,
so it completely changed our idea how the moon formed, how the terrestrial planets formed, like the Earth as well.
You know, it really changed a lot about our understanding of planetary science."
But Wadhwa has a second―and more personal―reason to appreciate this sample.
这里是科学美国人――60秒科学系列,我是克里斯托弗・因塔格里塔。
阿波罗任务从月球上带回了842磅岩石和土壤,近2200种不同的样本。
但行星科学家米纳克什・瓦德瓦说,其中有一份样本是最有趣的:“阿波罗1-0-0-8-5”。
尼尔・阿姆斯特朗在执行阿波罗11号任务时收集。
“他当时正要回到登月舱,他转过身来,
手上拿着装着石头的盒子,他看到里面还有些空间,
他知道地球上的地质学家会非常兴奋地研究这些材料,
于是他就挖了几勺月球土壤装进了盒子里,我想大概是9勺。”
她说,这成为了阿波罗任务中研究得最充分的样本之一。
史密森学会的地质学家约翰・伍德注意到了土壤中有白色斑点的岩石,
他认定那是一种名为斜长岩的岩石类型。
这使他详细了解了月球的远古历史。
“这是想象力的巨大飞跃,但他提出,整个月球大约在近45亿年前,
几乎被岩浆海洋完全覆盖。就是那种熔岩海洋。
这在当时是个革命性的想法。
因为人们一直认为月球是冷形成的,
所以这彻底改变了我们在月球形成方式上的观点,也改变了我们对类地行星形成方式的观点,这包括地球在内。
这真的极大地改变了我们对行星科学的理解。”
但瓦德瓦感谢这个样本还有第二个原因,也是更私人的原因。
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