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This is Scientific American ― 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
(Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.
Roger, Tranquility. We copy you on the ground.
You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot.)
Fifty years ago this July, when Apollo 11 made its historic landing on the moon,
Houston heard the news almost instantaneously, within a second or so.
That won't be the case for human astronauts exploring Mars,
where the one-way delay in communications could be anywhere from four to 24 minutes.
Which will make it nearly impossible to carry on a normal conversation.
The result is that Martian astronauts will need to operate with a degree of autonomy space travelers have never had.
Leslie DeChurch, a professor of communication and psychology at Northwestern University,
has studied the psychology and collective intelligence of simulated astronaut teams here on Earth.
"Not only did they live in isolation and confinement in an analogue,
but they spent approximately 30 percent of their time experiencing extreme communication delay.
Meaning between 30 seconds and five minutes one way was the fastest they could have any communication go beyond just the other three crew members that were inside their habitat."
She spoke February 17th at a session called "Building a Winning Team for Missions to Mars," at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Washington, D.C.
这里是科学美国人――60秒科学。我是克里斯托弗・因塔利亚塔。
(休斯敦,这里是静海基地。“鹰号”登月舱已经着陆。
收到,静海基地。我们记录了着陆状态。
你让控制中心的几个小伙子紧张到缺氧。我们又能呼吸了。非常感谢。)
距今年7月50年前,当阿波罗11号历史性地登陆月球时,
休斯敦任务控制中心几乎在大约一秒内就听到了这个消息。
但人类宇航员探索火星的情况却不会如此,
因为单向通讯可能会延迟4到24分钟。
这使正常对话几乎不可能继续。
结果是,火星宇航员将需要用此前宇航员所没有过的自主进行操作。
莱斯利・德丘奇是美国西北大学沟通与心理学的教授,
她研究了地球上模拟宇航员团队的心理和集体智慧。
“在模拟环境中,他们不仅要隔离生活,
还要在大约30%的时间体验极端沟通延迟。
也就是说,除了与同舱内的另外三名宇航员交流外,30秒到5分钟的单向延迟沟通是他们能有的最快交流方式。”
2月17日,在华盛顿特区举办的美国科学促进会会议上,她在“为火星任务建立胜利团队”分会场发表了讲话。
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