While speech and writing are often viewed as discrete modes,it is important for us to note that there is a continuum between speech and writing.While speech is in general more interactive than writing,various kinds of spoken and written English display various degrees of interactivity.For instance, various linguistic markers of interactive discourse, such as first and second person pronouns, contractions,and private verbs such as think and feel, occurred very frequently in telephone and face-to-face conversationsbut less frequently in spontaneous speeches, interviews, and broadcasts.In addition, some kinds of writing, such as academic prose and official documents,exhibited few markers of interactive discourse,but the other kinds of written texts, particularly personal letters,ranked higher on the scale of interactivity than many of the spoken texts.In other words, how language is structured depends less on whether it is spoken or written but more on how it is being used.For example, a personal letter, even though it is written,will contain linguistic features marking interactivitybecause the writer of a letter wishes to interact with the receiver of the letter.On the other hand, in an interview, the goal is not to interact necessarily but to get information from the person being interviewed.Therefore, though interviews are spoken, they have fewer markers of interactivity and contain more features typically associated with written texts.
“说”和“写”通常被看作两个各自独立的模式，但是，要注意，“说”和“写”之间也存在着连续统一体。“说”一般比“写”更具交互性，而不同种类的书面英语和英语口语也表现出了不同程度的交互性。比如，许多交际话语的语言学标记，如第一、二人称代词，缩写词，以及“认为”、“感觉”之类的私动词，都经常出现在电话交谈和面对面交谈中，在即兴演讲、采访和广播中出现频率较低。另外，许多种书面形式，比如学术文章和官方文件，都极少出现交际话语的标记，但是其他种类的书面文本，尤其是私人信件，比许多口语语篇的交互性都要强。换句话说，语言的组织形式，与采用“说”还是“写”的模式关系较小，与实际用途关系比较大。比如，私人信件虽然是书面的，也具有许多带有交互性的语言学特征。因为写信者希望和收信人产生互动。而采访，目的不是交流，而是获取被采访人的信息。因此，虽然采访采用了“说”的模式，却没有那么多交互性标记，而是包含了许多书面文本的常见特征。
暂无注释
