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Encouragement and praise can come in many forms, and some ways are better for child development than others. Researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University who studied mother-child interactions over the course of several years found that the type of praise children receive affects their attitudes toward challenges later in life.
Specifically, praise that came with feedback about their behavior and the choices that toddlers made helped them to cope better with difficult experiences five years later, compared with compliments that focused more on the child himself, like "You're a good boy. "The study, which appears in the journal Child Development, is the first major study of praise and childhood development done outside of a lab setting.
"This is something we suspected would be the case based on a lot of experimental research, and it's exciting to see it play out in the real world"，says Elizabeth Gunderson, an assistant professor of psychology at Temple University, "Praising the efforts and actions of the kid is going to be more beneficial in their long-term persistence and desire to be challenged and work hard in the future. "
Such "process praise" includes comments such as "You worked really hard"，which emphasize the child's actions. "Person praise" includes comments like "You're smart"，which focus on a child's inherent qualities. These distinctions aren't new in the field of psychology, but exactly how they affect children's development hasn't always been clear.
As part of the study，researchers visited the homes of more than 50 toddlers between the ages of 1 and 3 years old, and filmed their daily interactions with their parents during multiple 90-minute sessions. Five years later, the researchers followed up with the families, measuring the children's attitudes toward challenges and problem solving. The children who grew up with more process praise were more open to challenge, and were able to identify more ways of overcoming difficult problems. They were also more likely to say they could improve intelligence with hard work. While person praise didn't seem to have any negative effect on the children, the study suggests that process praise teaches children that their talents and abilities can be developed, while person praise sends the message that their abilities are fixed and not easily altered.
1
What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A.
Encouragement and praise have good effects on children.
B.
Different kinds of praise have different effects on children.
C.
Researchers have different attitudes toward children's development.
D.
Researchers encourage more mother-child interactions.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的the first paragraph定位到第一段。细节辨认题。由定位段可知，研究发现，儿童受到的鼓励方式影响着他们对今 后生活中挑战的态度，故B)为答案。
2
What's the meaning of the second "it" (Line 2，Para. 3)?
A.
An experimental research
B.
A lab setting.
C.
The study.
D.
The journal Child Development
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的it和Line 2, Para. 3定位到第三段。语义理解题。联系上下文可知，该段第二个it指代的内容是在第二段最后提到的无实验背景的真实情境下的研究，故C)为答案。
3
Which of the following belongs to "process praise"？
A.
You're smart.
B.
We are so proud of you
C.
You're looking sharp!
D.
You worked very hard
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的process praise定位到第四段第一句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，"过程性赞扬"是重视儿童行为的赞扬（如"你很努 力"），故正确答案为D}。
4
What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.
Person praise has negative effects on the children.
B.
Process praise has negative effects on the children.
C.
Person praise teaches children that talents can be improved.
D.
Process praise teaches children that abilities can be improved.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the last paragraph定位到最后一段。细节推理题。由定位段可知，虽然接受个人性赞扬的孩子没有出现什么负面影响,但研究表明，过程性赞扬教会孩子才能及能力是可以发展的，而个人性赞扬给孩子传达的信息却是他们的能力是固定的，不容易改变的，故D)为答案。
5
The main purpose of writing this passage is to tell us that_____.
A.
praise is good for childhood development
B.
process praise is more beneficial in the long run
C.
person praise is better than process praise
D.
praise is more beneficial than punishment
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的main purpose和this passage定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。从全文来看，作者主要指出赞扬儿童有好处，而且长远来看过程性赞扬更好，故B)为答案。
During the fall months at high school guidance counseling programs, juniors run to the stage to participate in the exercise, which will help them understand that it is not "where you go" that matters. They hold posters featuring the names and faces of famous people while their peers and parents shout out with confidence the names of elite colleges they assume the celebrities attended.
The "oohs" and "aahs" follow as the audience learns that Steven Spielberg, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates dropped out of college, that Oprah Winfrey is an alumna (校友) of Tennessee State and that Ken Burns graduated from Hampshire College. If a few stressed students and their anxious parents benefit from this information, it is a worthwhile exercise.
Even better is giving the students an assignment to identify the happy, successful people in their own circle of family, friends, co-workers and neighbors and challenging them to go and ask "if or where they went to college?" as a means of broadening the conversation in their search for a life after high school.
The key to success in college and beyond has more to do with what students do with their time during college than where they choose to attend. A long-term study of 6 335 college graduates published by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that graduating from a college where entering students have higher SAT scores-one marker of elite colleges-didn't pay off in higher post-graduation income. Researchers found that students who applied to several elite schools but didn't attend them-either because of rejection or by their own choice~are more likely to earn high incomes later than students who actually attended elite schools.
In a summary of the findings, the bureau says that "evidently，students' motivation, ambition and desire to learn have a much stronger effect on their subsequent success than average academic ability of their classmates. "
The late author Loren Pope, who wrote Looking Beyond the Ivy League and Colleges That Change Lives noted that the greater the opportunity for engagement and critical, creative and collaborative learning with faculty, peers and community, the more likely the chance for future success.
6
What do the high school guidance counseling programs show the juniors?
A.
A famous college is important to the development of a student.
B.
Success depends on the colleges that produce many famous people.
C.
Success has little to do with the colleges people study in.
D.
If a person wants to succeed, he should go with his parents and peers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的high school guidance counseling programs定位到首段第一句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，指导咨询活动会帮助三年级学生们意识到并不是 就读的大学决定一切，可推断出正确答案为C)。
7
From the example of Ken Burns we learn that famous people_____.
A.
must graduate from famous colleges
B.
have their own circle of family
C.
refuse to attend ordinary colleges
D.
don't necessarily graduate from famous colleges
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的Ken Burns定位到第二段第一句。推理判断题。作者在定位句指出，一些名人的大学并不是很出名，他们或者是在一些普通大学毕业，或者并没有完成大学教育，Ken Bums便是对第一种情况 的论证，即成功不一定依赖于出身名校，故D)为正确答案。
8
The important factor leading to students' success in college and beyond is that _____.
A.
they attend elite colleges
B.
they have tried their best in colleges
C.
they have a higher SAT score
D.
they have famous alumni
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的success in college and beyond定位到第四段第一句。细节辨析题。由定位句可知，学生们在大学期间及毕业后获得成功的关键更取决于他们在大学阶段的所作所为，而不是他们选择就读哪所大学，故正确答案为B)。
9
Compared with students who attended elite colleges, those who didn't will _____.
A.
be rejected frequently when hunting jobs after graduation
B.
be more likely to have higher incomes after graduation
C.
have their own choices in the society after graduation
D.
not make ends meet in their lives after graduation
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的attended elite colleges 和those who didn't定位到第四段最后一句。细节辨析题。由定位句可知，申请若干名牌大学但没就读的学生和那些实际上读了名牌大学的学生相比，毕业后获得高收入的可能性更大些，故正确答案 为B)。
10
According to Loren Pope, the chance for future success more depends on _____.
A.
faculty, peers and community around
B.
motivation, ambition and desire to learn
C.
the average academic ability of the classmates
D.
criticism, creation, collaboration and participation opportunity
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的Loren Pope和the chance for future success定位到末段。推理判断题。由定位段可知，有更多的参与机会，以及与老师、同学和团体进行批判式学习、创造性学习、合作性学习的机会越大，就越有可能在未来取得成功，因此成功更多依赖于批判、创新、合作和参与机会,故正确答案为D)。
Volumes have been written about technology's ability to connect people. But burying one's nose in a book has always been somewhat isolating-with its unspoken assertion that the reader does not want to be disturbed. So what about a device that occupies the evolving intersection (交集) between? "Strangers constantly ask about it," Michael Hughes, a communications associate at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, said of his iPad, which he uses to read a mix of novels and nonfiction. "It's almost like having a new baby. " An iPad owner for four months, Mr. Hughes said people were much more likely to approach him now than when he toted (携带)a book. "People approach me and ask to see it, to touch it, how much I like it," he said. "That rarely happens with dead-tree books."
With the price of e-readers coming down, sales of the small devices are rising. Last month, Amazon reported that so far this year, Kindle sales had tripled over last year's. When Amazon cut Kindle's price in June to $189 from $259，over the next month Amazon sold 180 e-books for every 100 hardcovers. Social manners surrounding the act of reading alone in public may be changing along with increased popularity. Suddenly, the lone, unapproachable reader at the corner table seems less alone. Given that some e-readers can display books while connecting online, there's a chance the former bookworm is already plugged into a conversation somewhere, said Paul Levinson, professor of communication and media studies at Fordham University.
" I think，historically，there has been a stigma (耻辱）attached to the bookworm，and that actually came from the not-untrue notion that, if you were reading, you weren't socializing with other people," Dr. Levinson said. "But the e-reader changes that also because e-readers are connected to bigger systems. For many, e-readers are today's must-have accessory, eating into old notions of what being bookish might have meant. "Buying literature has become cool again," he said.
11
Why does the author say that readers are somewhat isolated?
A.
They imply that they don't want to be disturbed.
B.
They bury their noses in the books.
C.
They are lonely people in nature.
D.
They don't connect with others.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的somewhat isolated定位到第一段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，之所以说那些埋头读书的人比较孤独，主要是因为他们给人们传递出一种无言的声明，即他们不想被打扰，故正确答案为A)。
12
What can we conclude from Michael Hughes' words?
A.
Strangers are curious about him.
B.
He has just had a new baby.
C.
He never uses his iPad to read.
D.
People come to him to ask about his iPad.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的Michael Hughes' words定位到第一段第四至八句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，据Michael Hughes称,人们接近他主要是想看看或摸摸他的iPad以及询问他本人对它的喜爱程度，故正确答案为D)。
13
What is new about the e-readers for the former bookworm?
A.
They can be read alone by readers in public.
B.
They are owned by lone and unapproachable readers.
C.
They can be used to launch a conversation while displaying books.
D.
They tend to talk about the background information while displaying books.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的e-readers和the former bookworm定位到第二段末句。推理判断题。由定位句可推知，由于电子书阅读器可以联网，因此以前的书虫便可以自由地和他人发起对话，对他们来说，这是最让他们感到新鲜的地方，故C)为正确答案。
14
What is the author's attitude towards e-readers?
A.
Positive.
B.
Negative.
C.
Indifferent.
D.
Biased.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the author's attitude定位到整篇文章。观点态度题。由整篇文章的内容可以看到，作者通篇都在讲电子书阅读器使阅读者可以随时与人交流,不再像以前那样给人一种比较孤独和排他的感觉，由字里行间可推断,作者对此应持肯定态度,故A)为正确答案。
15
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.
E-readers are beginning to revive.
B.
E-readers become less expensive.
C.
Bookworms do not exist anymore.
D.
E-readers make readers less isolated.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the main idea of the passage定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。由整篇文章的内容可以看出，作者通篇表达的主题就是电子书阅读器的流行使那些阅读者不再那么孤独、不合群，故D)为正确答案。
In this age of Internet chat, videogames and reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.
As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. I know what it is like to work hard on a story only to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories. What if she doesn't win the contest again? That's the strange thing about being a parent. So many of our own past scars and dashed hopes can surface.
A revelation (启示)came last week when I asked her, "Don't you want to win again?" "No，" she replied, "I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade. "
I had just spent weeks correcting her stories as she spontaneously (自发地)told them. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. The story about a fearful angel starting first grade was quickly "guided" by me into the tale of a little girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson. I had turned her contest into my contest without even realizing it.
Staying back and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks. Because I know very little about farm animals who use tools or angels who go to first grade, I had to accept the fact that I was co-opting (借用）my daughter's experience.
While stepping back was difficult for me, it was certainly a good first step that I will quickly follow with more steps, putting myself far enough away to give her room but close enough to help if asked. All the while I will be reminding myself that children need room to experiment, grow and find their own voices.
16
What do we learn from the first paragraph?
A.
Children do find lots of fun in many mindless activities.
B.
Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy her leisure time.
C.
Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials for her writing.
D.
A lot of distractions compete for children's time nowadays.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the first paragraph定位到首段第一句。推理判断题。定位句表明，现在那些无须动脑的活动充斥着孩子们的生活,在争抢孩子们的时间。因此D)正确。
17
What does the author say about her own writing experience?
A.
She does not quite live up to her reputation as a writer.
B.
Her way to success is full of pains and frustrations.
C.
She is constantly under pressure of writing more.
D.
Most of her stories are rejected by publishers.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的about her own writing experience定位到第二段。推理判断题。由定位段可知，作为一个作家，作者很了解赢得和输掉比赛的感受,也知道文章遭到出版商退稿时的那种感觉和维持声誉的那种压力。最后提到很多我们自己过去的伤疤和破碎的希望又再次浮现，可以推断出作者的成功之路充满痛苦与挫折，因此选项B)正确。
18
Why does Rebecca want to enter this year's writing contest?
A.
She believes she possesses real talent for writing.
B.
She is sure of winning with her mother's help.
C.
She wants to share her story with readers.
D.
She has won a prize in the previous contest.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的Rebecca和writing contest定位到第三段第二句。细节辨认题。由定位句可知，作者的女儿参加竞赛的目的已经不是为了获胜， 她只是想把自己的故事跟别人分享，因此C)正确。
19
The author took great pains to refine her daughter's stories because_____.
A.
she believed she had the knowledge and experience to offer guidance
B.
she did not want to disappoint Rebecca who needed her help so much
C.
she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dream of becoming a writer
D.
she was afraid Rebecca's imagination might run wild while writing
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的refine her daughter's stories定位到第四段前两句。细节辨认题。定位句表明，作者花费数周时间给女儿修改文章,她觉得自己仅仅是作为一个有经验的作家引导一个小作家成长而已。因此A)正确。
20
What's the author's advice for parents?
A.
A writing career, though attractive, is not for every child to pursue.
B.
Children should be allowed room to grow through experiences.
C.
Parents should keep an eye on the activities their kids engage in.
D.
Children should be given every chance to voice their opinions.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的the author's advice定位到末段最后一句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，作者还会一直提醒自己：孩子需要经历、成长和找到自己心声的空间。因此确定答案为B)。
The row over a Philadelphia school district accused of secretly spying on pupils through laptop cameras escalated today after it acknowledged capturing more than 56 000 images of its students, many of them in their homes.
When the scandal first broke, it was believed that only a few pictures had been taken of one pupil, Blake Robbins. But court papers released this week showed that thousands of images were taken of Robbins and other students.
Robbins and his parents have filed an action against the school district of Lower Merion in an affluent suburb of Philadelphia. Court papers from Robbins' lawyer said that at first it was thought that the laptops' "peeping Tom" technology produced a few images but they found more than 400 of Robbins, including images "showing him partially undressed and sleeping".
An administrator at the school, one of the few with authority to track the laptops, was refusing to answer questions, citing her constitutional right to remain silent.
The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that 38 500 of the images came from six laptops that had been reported missing from the Harriton gym in September 2008. These apparently helped the police catch a suspect. Another set of images were from cameras in laptops which employees were responsible for their failing in tracking or forgetting to turn off.
The court papers, filed by Robbins, lawyer, said that the technology was activated between October 20 and November 4 last year, with most of the 400 shots of him while he was in his home, and included his family. "There were additional webcam (网络摄影机) pictures and screen shots taken of Blake Robbins which, to date, have not been recovered because the evidence was purged (删除) by the IT department," the court papers say.
His lawyer is trying to obtain access to the administrator's home computer to establish whether she downloaded any of the pictures. The court papers allege she may be a voyeur (偷窥狂).
In one e-mail, when an IT person commented on how the viewing of the webcam pictures and screen shots from a student's computer was like. "It's a soap opera of little Lower Merion School District," the administrator allegedly replied, "I know. I love it. "
21
When talking about the pictures of Robbins, we can conclude that_____.
A.
Robbins isn't a qualified student in his teachers' opinion
B.
the related administrators keep silent about this scandal
C.
Robbins' parents are mad at this verdict on their child
D.
the private rights of Robbins and his classmates are offended seriously
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的talking about the pictures of Robbins定位到第一段和第二段第二句。推理判断题。由定位部分可知，校区承认拍过56 000多张学生的照片，其中许多照片是在家里偷拍的，Robbins和其他学生被偷拍了成千上万张的照片，由此可见，学生的私人权利受到严重侵犯，故D)为正确答案。
22
What does the report in The Philadelphia Inquirer imply?
A.
Some evidence may be found by the police in the Harriton gym.
B.
The IT department in the school wants to eliminate evidence.
C.
The school owns excellent teaching equipment.
D.
Employees should be responsible for the whole issue.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的The Philadelphia Inquirer定位到第五段前两句。推理判断题。由定位句可知，照片来自6台电脑,而这6台电脑在哈里顿健身房丢失，这显然能帮助警察抓住嫌疑人，因此可知A)为正确答案。
23
According to the papers from Robbins' lawyer, we can infer that_____.
A.
the administrator is interested in computers
B.
it is illegal to set up cameras in the administrator's home
C.
the administrator spied on her students on purpose
D.
the administrator has downloaded many students' pictures
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的the papers from Robbins' lawyer定位到第六段第一句和第七段第二句。细节辨认题。第六段定位句指出，文件声称这种偷拍技术被激活，Robbins在家中被偷拍，第七段定位句提到管理员可能是一个偷窥狂，故C)为正确答案。
24
The administrator's attitude towards this issue is apparently_____in the last paragraph.
A.
playful
B.
positive
C.
ironical
D.
skeptical
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的 The administrator's attitude towards this issue 定位到最后一段。细节辨认题。由定位段可知，她评论这只是劳尔梅里恩校区的一个肥皂剧而已，很显然她不把这当回事，故A)为正确答案。
25
The main point of the passage is that_____.
A.
the American government should take measures to improve teachers' qualities
B.
a Philadelphia school is charged for using computers to spy on students
C.
modern technology has negative effects on our lives
D.
students in America don't pay much attention to their study
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的main point of the passage定位到整篇文章。主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，本文就Robbins事件展开讨论，指出费城一所学校被控用电脑监控学生，故B)为正确答案。
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