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Scientists say they have found a way to turn body fat into a better type of fat that burns off calories and weight. The US Johns Hopkins team made the __1__ in rats but believe the same could be done in humans, offering the hope of a new way to treat obesity.
__2__ the expression of a protein linked to __3__ not only reduced the animals, calorie intake and weight, but also __4__ their fat composition.
Brown fat is __5__ in babies, which they use as a __6__ source to generate body heat,__7__ calories at the same time. But as we age our brown fat largely __8__ and gets replaced by "bad" white fat, which __9__ sits as a spare tyre around the waist.
"We will need a lot more work to tease this out, but it could offer a (n) __10__ way to develop new treatments for obesity", an expert said.
Experts have __11__ that stimulating the body to make more brown fat __12__ white fat could be a helpful way to control weight and __13__ obesity and its related health problems. Various teams have been searching for a way to do this, and Dr Sheng Bi and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine believe they may have cracked it. They designed an experiment to see __14__ suppressing an appetite-stimulating protein called NPY would decrease body weight in rats. When they silenced NPY in the brains of the rats they found their appetite and food __15__ decreased. Even when the rats were fed a very __16__ , high-fat diet they still managed to keep more weight __17__ than rats who had fully functioning NPY. The scientists then checked the fat __18__ of the rats and found an interesting change had occurred. In the rats with silenced NPY expression, some of the bad white fat had been replaced with good brown fat.
The researchers are __19__ that it may be possible to achieve the same effect in people by injecting brown fat stem cells __20__ the skin to bum white fat and stimulate weight loss.
1
A.
time
B.
breakthrough
C.
accomplishment
D.
effort
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
根据下文的“有望给对治肥胖带来新方法”,可知这个团队是取得了一定成果的。故选 B 项 breakthrough“突破”。
2
A.
Maintaining
B.
Reducing
C.
Measuring
D.
Modifying
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
下文提到可以降低热量的吸收及减轻体重,只有改变蛋白质基因表达,才能达到这一目的。故选 D 项 Modifying“改变”。
3
A.
appetite
B.
blood
C.
health
D.
nerve
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
此处与下文的信息 calorie intake and weight(卡路里摄入和体重)相关,推测空格处与吃或运动有关联。A 项 appetite“胃口”符合要求。
4
A.
transferred
B.
transformed
C.
transcended
D.
transmitted
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
根据空格后的宾语“脂肪成分”,只有 B 项 transformed“改变,转换”能与其搭配使用。transform 指的是在形式上彻底的改变,此处意指脂肪成分转换为热量。
5
A.
barren
B.
fragile
C.
diverse
D.
abundant
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
从下文的“随着年龄增长,褐色脂肪会被白色脂肪取代”,可知褐色脂肪在婴儿时代的含量是相当高的。故选 D 项 abundant“丰富的”。
6
A.
power
B.
force
C.
strength
D.
might
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
能 generate body heat(产生体热)的应为能量,故答案为 A 项 power“能量”。
7
A.
accumulating
B.
adding
C.
firing
D.
expending
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
此处讲的是 brown fat 的作用。它在产生体热的同时,当然会有所消耗,消耗的是热量(卡路里),故选 D 项 expending“消耗”。
8
A.
disappears
B.
diffuses
C.
distracts
D.
distributes
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
根据下文的 gets replaced by "bad" white fat(被“不好的”白色脂肪取代)。被取代了,说明消失不存在了,故选 A 项 disappears“消失”。
9
A.
approximately
B.
extremely
C.
typically
D.
absolutely
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
根据常我们可得知,随着年龄的增长,多余的脂肪常常会囤积于腰部。故答案为 C 项 typically “典型地,通常”。
10
A.
ample
B.
feasible
C.
healthy
D.
tentative
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
由空格前的 could 及后面的 new treatments for obesity(新的减肥疗法)可知,此处所填入的词是表示肯定意义的词,故选 B 项 feasible“可行的”。
11
A.
reasoned
B.
suspected
C.
planned
D.
assured
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
下文做出的推测 a helpful way to control weight,及下文老鼠实验对这一方法的论证,可知答案为 A 项 reasoned“推论”。
12
A.
rather than
B.
as well as
C.
in addition to
D.
as to
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
上文提到褐色脂肪是对身体有益的,而白色脂肪是对身体有害的,因此要控制体重的话肯定是要更多的褐色脂肪,而不是白色脂肪。故答案为 A 项 rather than“而不是”。
13
A.
accelerate
B.
predict
C.
prevent
D.
retrieve
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
根据 and 前的 control weight(控制体重),可知 and 后面的也是相同意思的表达,故选 C 项 prevent“预防”。prevent obesity 表示“预防肥胖”。
14
A.
if
B.
where
C.
that
D.
how
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
空格前的 to see 表明本句说的是实验的目的。下文描述实验,通过抑制叫作 NPY 的蛋白质,使得老鼠的体重减轻了。故这个实验的目的就是看抑制这种蛋白质会不会令老鼠体重减轻。故选 A 项 if“是否”。
15
A.
nutrition
B.
process
C.
pack
D.
intake
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
根据上文,NPY 的作用是 appetite-stimulating(刺激食欲),那么抑制了 NPY 之后,食欲就下降了,对食物的摄入也下降了。选 D 项 intake“摄入”。
16
A.
rich
B.
fabulous
C.
wonderful
D.
delicious
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
空格处的词与下文的 high-fat(高脂肪的)并列修饰 diet,与之有并列递进之意,故选 A 项 rich “丰盛的”。
17
A.
off
B.
from
C.
up
D.
back
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
由句首的 Even when 和本空格前的 still 所表示的递进转折语气可知,即使喂给这些老鼠高脂肪食物,它们依然会比那些 NPY 功能正常的老鼠能减去更多体重。故 A 项 off 为正确答案。keep... off“让……远离”。
18
A.
content
B.
composition
C.
constitution
D.
distinction
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
上文提到科学家们做实验来证实老鼠体内两种脂肪的作用和相互关系。根据下一句实验结果“一些有害白色脂肪已经被好的褐色脂肪所替代”,他们是在查看脂肪中构成的变化,选 B 项 composition“组成”。本词在上文中出现过,属于原词出现。
19
A.
persistent
B.
hopeful
C.
dubious
D.
cautious
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
上文提到该实验已经在老鼠身上产生了效果,下文说在人身上也可能产生同样的效果。此处表达研究人员的期望,故选 B 项 hopeful“有希望的”。
20
A.
of
B.
on
C.
under
D.
across
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
从空格前的 injecting(注射)一词及介词的宾语 skin 可知答案为 C 项 under“在……之下”,指的是注射到皮肤下面(皮下注射)。
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is __1__ and another is competitive.
Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and __2__ certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two __3__ schools of thought on the matter have __4__ . As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of __5__ between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often __6__ as "nature v. nurture".
Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are __7__ determined by biological and __8__ factors. That our environment has __9__ , if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory __10__ that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely __11__ by our instincts.
Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, __12__ they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts __13__ determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely __14__ by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite __15__; they maintain that, like machines, humans __16__ to environmental stimuli as the __17__ of their behavior.
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. Behaviorists,__18__ ,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental __19__ that whites enjoy.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the __20__ to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.
21
A.
fragile
B.
cooperative
C.
credible
D.
aggressive
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
由本句前面部分“聪明”和“不聪明”的对照关系,可知填入的词应与 competitive(竞争的)构成对照关系。B 项 cooperative“合作的”符合句意。
22
A.
expose
B.
reveal
C.
overlook
D.
exhibit
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
由 and 前面的“具备某些性格特征”,可推知此处大意是“表现出某些行为举止”。选项中只有 D 项 exhibit“显示,表现(特性、情感等)”符合。
23
A.
distinct
B.
distinctive
C.
apparent
D.
respective
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
由下文的 very different from one another,可知这两个流派持不同的观点。故选 A 项 distinct“不同的”。
24
A.
discovered
B.
invented
C.
developed
D.
shaped
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
上文说对于 why we possess...目前还没有确切的答案,接着 but 转折提到在这个问题上的两个流派已经……。故填入的动词应表示“形成”的意思,选 C 项 developed“发展,形成”
25
A.
quarrel
B.
debate
C.
fight
D.
paradox
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
由 different from one another 可推测两种截然不同的观点会引起争论。此外,句中的 a great deal of 说明应填入不可数名词。B 项 debate“争论,辩论”,可作可数或不可数名词,强调正式的、公开的辩论,符合此处语境。
26
A.
referred to
B.
associated with
C.
related to
D.
contributed to
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
本句说,这种争论通常.....。引号说明“nature v. nurture”是一个专门的说法,故此处应选 A 项 referred to, refer to... as 表示“把……称作”。
27
A.
particularly
B.
scarcely
C.
largely
D.
invariably
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
下一段的首句提到,环境论者认为,环境比基于本能的生物因素所起的作用更为重要,这反过来说明,天性论者认为人的行为方式是由生物因素决定的。应填入一个表肯定意义的副词, 故选 C 项 largely“很大程度上”。
28
A.
mental
B.
psychological
C.
physical
D.
genetic
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
填入的形容词应与 and 前面的 biological(生物学的)属同一范畴。D 项 genetic“遗传的”符合要求,表示性格和行为模式由生物和遗传因素决定。
29
A.
many
B.
little
C.
much
D.
few
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
本句是对上句的进一步解释,指出天性论者的理论核心是:环境与人的能力、性格特征和行为有……关系。根据上文,天性论者认为生物因素起很大作用,而环境起很小的作用。可知此处应填入表否定意义的词,故填入 B 项 little, have little to do with 表示“与……关系不大”。
30
A.
maintains
B.
doubts
C.
suggests
D.
requires
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
that 引导的从句的内容是 this theory(即天性论这个理论)的观点,故选 A 项 maintains “坚持”。
31
A.
confirmed
B.
governed
C.
intensified
D.
restrained
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
空格前说我们的行为在很大程度上是被预先决定了的(predetermined)。既然是由生物和遗传因素决定,因此 B 项 governed“控制,支配”符合上下文语义,表示“几乎是完全受本能支配”。
32
A.
while
B.
so
C.
as
D.
though
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
空格所在之处是一个用逗号隔开的插入语,表示环境论的支持者们常被称作行为主义者。故选 C 项 as“正如”,代入句中表示“正如他们常被称呼的那样”。
33
A.
without
B.
from
C.
against
D.
in
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
空格所在的句子说的是,在决定我们行为这方面,环境比以生理为基础的本能起更重要的作用。故选 D 项 in,表示“在……方面”。
34
A.
supervised
B.
manipulated
C.
shaped
D.
endowed
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
斯金纳是行为学家,由此可知,他应该是认为人的行为的形成几乎完全受周围的环境影响。C 项 shaped“形成;塑造”符合句意。
35
A.
flexible
B.
complicated
C.
negative
D.
mechanistic
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
由下文的 like machines,可知作者认为行为学家对人的看法是 D 项 mechanistic“机械的”。
36
A.
respond
B.
attribute
C.
object
D.
tumble
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
根据空格后的 environmental stimuli(环境刺激)可知,面对环境刺激自然是要做出反应。故选 A 项 respond,与 to 搭配表示“对……做出反应”。
37
A.
ground
B.
basis
C.
reason
D.
base
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
环境论者认为环境很重要,环境刺激是人们行为形成的基础。B 项 basis 指某种理论、思想所依据的抽象的“基础”,是正确选项。
38
A.
in fact
B.
in a sense
C.
in short
D.
in contrast
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
这一段说的是以黑人在标准化智力测试中成绩低于白人为例,先天论者与环境论者给出了截然不同的解释。故选 D 项 in contrast“相比之下”。
39
A.
advantages
B.
backgrounds
C.
traits
D.
rights
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
行为学家认为环境因素对人的行为特征的影响最大,他们认为黑人和白人在智力测试上的差异是由于黑人没有白人在教育和环境上享有的优势。故选 A 项 advantages“优势”。
40
A.
solution
B.
resolution
C.
access
D.
key
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
上一句提到这两种理论都无法解释人的行为特征,故本句应该说的是解释我们行为特征的“答案”很有可能在这两个极端之间。D 项 key“答案”,后接介词 to,符合此处语义及用法。
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