首页
在线考试
章节闯关
谁正在考试
学习应用
听写训练
背单词
情景会话
口语模仿
擂台赛
每日英语
资料下载
作文批改
注册
您的位置：
在线考试首页
>
章节闯关
>
英语六级
>
阅读理解
>
历年真题
>
第17关
00:00:00
已做
0
项(正确
0
项，错误做
0
项)/共10项，剩余
10
项未作答
结束作答
答案解析
上一题
下一题
返回
阅读理解
收藏
纠错
In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water—Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams "Save her! Save her!" the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah's 11 percent. The robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?
Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robots cannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov's robots—they don't have to think, judge, or value. They don't have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don't do it.
The robot who rescues Spooner's life in I, Robot follows Asimov's zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans) or allow humanity to come to harm—an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what's in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.
Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov's laws is debatable. A word such as "harm" is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.
Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It's doubtful that a computer program can do that—at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies (替身) called "H-bots" from danger. When one H-bot headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed it out of the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot choked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both "die." The experiment highlights the importance of morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what's best for humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?
1
What question does the example in the movie raise?
A.
Whether robots can reach better decisions.
B.
Whether robots follow Asimov's zeroth law.
C.
How robots may make bad judgments.
D.
How robots should be programmed.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的question和the example in the movie定位到文章首段最后两句。事实细节题。定位句指出，上述的电影场景提出了机器人的决策和计算这一重要问题，并在随后的第二段中介绍了艾萨克·阿西莫夫设计其机器人编程的三条法则。可见，作者描述电影场景所提出的问题与如何设置机器人的程序有关，故答案为D。
2
What does the author think of Asimov's three laws of robotics?
A.
They are apparently divorced from reality.
B.
They did not follow the coding system of robotics.
C.
They laid a solid foundation for robotics.
D.
They did not take moral issues into consideration.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的the author think of 和Asimov's three laws of robotics定位到文章第二段第一句。观点态度题。定位句指出在作者看来，阿西莫夫在设计其机器人的三条法则时规避了所有道德理念，作者在最后一段也提到为机器人编程时考虑到道德问题是十分重要的，故答案为D。
3
What does the author say about Asimov's robots?
A.
They know what is good or bad for human beings.
B.
They are programmed not to hurt human beings.
C.
They perform duties in their owners' best interest.
D.
They stop working when a moral issue is involved.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干中的Asimov's robots定位到文章第二段第一句。事实细节题。定位句指出，阿西莫夫设计的机器人应遵守的第一条法则就是机器人不能伤害人类或允许人类受到伤害，可见其被植入的程序是不可伤害人类，故答案为B。
4
What does the author want to say by mentioning the word "harm" in Asimov's laws?
A.
Abstract concepts are hard to program.
B.
It is hard for robots to make decisions.
C.
Robots may do harm in certain situations.
D.
Asimov's laws use too many vague terms.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the word “harm”定位到文章第四段第二至三句。推理判断题。从定位句可以看出，作者之所以提到“harm”一词，是想以此为例说明阿西莫夫法则存在的问题，该段第二句提到类似“伤害”这样的字眼太过模糊，接着提到抽象概念凸显了代码问题，再结合最后一句所述可知，如此抽象模糊的概念在实际的机器人程序设置中很难得到应用和体现，故答案为A。
5
What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory found in his experiment?
A.
Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.
B.
Robots can have moral issues encoded into their programs.
C.
Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.
D.
Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的Bristol Robotics Laboratory和found定位到文章最后一段第六句。事实细节题。定位句提到，当两个人机者受到威胁时，机器人42%的时间会卡壳，无法决定应该救哪一个，从而导致它们都“死”了。可见，机器人在遇到复杂情况时难以做出决定，故答案为C。
Our world now moves so fast that we seldom stop to see just how far we have come in just a few years. The latest iPhone 6s, for example, has a dual-core processor and fits nicely into your pocket. By comparison, you would expect to find a technological specification like this on your standard laptop in an office anywhere in the world.
It's no wonder that new applications for the Internet of Things are moving ahead fast when almost every new device we buy has a plug on the end of it or a wireless connection to the internet. Soon, our current smartphone lifestyle will expand to create our own smart home lifestyle too.
All researches agree that close to 25 billion devices, things and sensors will be connected by 2020 which incidentally is also the moment that Millennials (千禧一代) are expected to make up 75 percent of our overall workforce, and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.
However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm as leaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings that technology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automation coupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.
Online security cameras, intelligent lighting and a wealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering an unprecedented level of control, efficiency, and improvements to what were once classed necessary costs when running a business or managing a large building.
We can expect that the ever-growing list of devices, systems and environments remain connected, always online and talking to each other. The big benefit will not only be in the housing of this enormous and rapidly growing amount of data, but will also be in the ability to run real time data analytics to extract actionable and ongoing knowledge.
The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data to deliver cost savings, improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses and citizens of these smart cities.
The good news is that most of this technology is already invented. Let's face it, it wasn't too long ago that the idea of working from anywhere and at anytime was some form of a distant utopian (乌托邦式的) dream, and yet now we can perform almost any office-based task from any location in the world as long as we have access to the internet.
It's time to wake up to the fact that making smart buildings, cities and homes will dramatically improve our quality of life in the years ahead.
6
What does the example of iPhone 6s serve to show?
A.
The huge capacity of the smartphones people now use.
B.
The widespread use of smartphones all over the world.
C.
The huge impact of new technology on people's everyday life.
D.
The rapid technological progress in a very short period of time.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的iPhone 6s定位到文章首段前两句。推理判断题。通常来讲，例子支撑其所在位置前后的观点。作者在第一段第一句提到，如今，我们的世界进步得如此之快，以至于我们很少停下来看看我们在短短的几年内究竟走了多远。该句表明短时间之内世界发展迅速，但并未具体说明是在哪一方面。随后作者在第二句中以iPhone 6s为例，阐述了最新款苹果手机的先进，说明技术在迅速发展，故答案为D。
7
What can we expect to see by the year 2020?
A.
Apps for the Internet of Things.
B.
The popularization of smart homes.
C.
The emergence of Millennials.
D.
Total globalization of the world.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的2020定位到文章第三段。事实细节题。定位句明确指出，所有的研究都认为，到2020年，将有近250亿个设备、物品和传感器互联，顺便说一下，在这一年，千禧一代预计会占据我们总劳动力的75％，并且完全互联的家庭会成为全世界大多数人所面临的现实。由此可知，预期到2020年会看到三件事：近250亿个设备、物品和传感器互联；千禧一代占据总劳动力的75％；完全互联的家庭在全世界普及，故答案为B。
8
What will business owners do when they become aware of the benefits of the Internet of Things?
A.
Employ fewer workers in their operations.
B.
Gain automatic control of their businesses.
C.
Invest in more smart buildings and cities.
D.
Embrace whatever new technology there is.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干中的business owners定位到文章第四段。推理判断题。定位句指出，技术通过连接的传感器以及与智能能源和设施管理相结合的自动化新形式实现了大量节省。由大量节省可知，这是指物联网的优点，也就是说，随着领导者和企业主开始意识到物联网的优点，智能建筑和智能城市会越来越成为常态，即会出现越来越多的智能建筑和智能城市，故答案为C。
9
What is the most exciting challenge when we possess more and more data?
A.
How to turn it to profitable use.
B.
How to do real time data analysis.
C.
How to link the actionable systems.
D.
How to devise new ways to store it.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的the most exciting challenge定位到文章第七段。推理判断题。定位句指出，这项技术最大和最令人兴奋的挑战就是如何创造性地利用这些数量日益增长的数据，为这些智能城市的企业和公民带来成本节约、改进和切实的利益。也就说，最令人兴奋的挑战是如何将这些数量日益增长的数据变得有利可图，故答案为A。
10
What does the author think about working from anywhere and at anytime?
A.
It is feasible with a connection to the internet.
B.
It will thrive in smart buildings, cities and homes.
C.
It is still a distant Utopian dream for ordinary workers.
D.
It will deliver tangible benefits to both boss and worker.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的working from anywhere and at anytime定位到文章第八段第二句。推理判断题。定位句是将过去与现在进行了对比。定位句提到不久前，随时随地工作的想法还是某种遥远的乌托邦式梦想，然而现在只要可以上网，我们就能在全世界任何地方完成几乎所有办公室的工作。由此可知，利用互联网，随时随地工作是可行的，A项中的a connection to the internet对应定位句中的have access to the internet，故为答案。
我的笔记
最大支持140字
收藏
0
好题
0
烂题
0
提交纠错
请输入您发现的错误详情
用户：
