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Frustrated with delays m Sacramento, Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters their own hands to regulate the region's growing pile of electronic trash.
A San Jose councilwoman’ and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives at controlling electronic waste if the California law-making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly. They are among a growing number of California cities and counties that have expressed the same intention.
Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electronic devices and the cost of safely recycling those products. An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes, and an additional 6,000 to 7,000 computers become outdated every day. The machines contain high levels of lead and other hazardous substances, and are already banned from California landfills (垃圾填埋场).
Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to＄30 on every new machine containing a cathode (阴极）ray tube. Used in almost all video monitors and televisions, those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each. The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs, providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling.
A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste.
If passed, the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age.
But high-tech groups, including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association, oppose the measures, arguing that fees of up to $30 will drive consumers to online, out-of-state retailers.
“What really needs to occur is consumer education. Most consumers are unaware they’re not supposed to throw computers in the trash,” said Roxanne Gould, vice president of government relations for the electronics association.
Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs, she added.
Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter, and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the job isn’t contracted to unscrupulous (毫无顾忌的）junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas.
“The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China,” said Ted Smith, director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. His group is pushing for an amendment to Sher’s bill that would prevent the export of e-waste.
1
What step were Bay Area officials going to take regarding e-waste disposal?
A.
Exert pressure on manufacturers of electronic devices.
B.
Lay down relevant local regulations themselves.
C.
Lobby the lawmakers of the California Assembly.
D.
Rally support to pass the stalled bills.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第1段讲到湾区的官员说他们计划自行采取行动以控制本地区日益堆积的电子垃圾。第2段首句提到，如果加州的立法机关不能执行搁置在下议院的两项议案，他们将提议地方政府主动采取措施，控制电子垃圾。可见B为本题答案。其他几项文中没有提及。
2
The two bills stalled in the California Assembly both concern ______.
A.
regulations on dumping hazardous substances into landfills
B.
the sale of used electronic devices to foreign countries
C.
the funding of local initiatives to reuse electronic trash
D.
the reprocessing of the amounts of electronic waste in the slate
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
第2段首句提到加州的两个议案。第4段讲到的议案是要求消费者为每台含有阴极射线管的产品缴纳30美元再循环利用费，第5段提及的议案则要求高科技产品生产商想办法回收电子废品，两个议案都涉及电子废品的再处理问题，因此答案为D。选项A、B不是议案的内容。C中的funding of local initiatives文中未提及。
3
Consumers are not supposed to throw used computers in the trash because ____.
A.
they contain large amounts of harmful substances
B.
this is banned by the California government
C.
some parts may be recycled for use elsewhere
D.
unscrupulous dealers will retrieve them for profit
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第3段最后一句讲到，旧电器含有大量铅及其他危险物质，加州的垃圾填埋场已经禁止填埋此类垃圾。可见，不让消费者把用过的计算机扔垃圾堆的原因是A。加州政府禁止填埋机器，但并未禁止人们丢弃，B错。 C与不允许往垃圾堆扔电器无关。D无原文依据。
4
High-tech groups believe that if an extra $30 is charged on every TV or computer purchased in California, consumers will _____.
A.
abandon online shopping
B.
buy them from other states
C.
strongly protest against such a charge
D.
hesitate to upgrade their computers
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第7段讲到了一些高科技集团反对收取30美元再循环利用费的原因，他们认为高达30美元的费用会使消
费者转向在网上与其他州的零售商进行交易，所以B正确。A与文章意思相反。C和D文中没有提到。
5
We learn from the passage that much of California’s electronic waste has been _____.
A.
collected by non-profit agencies
B.
dumped into local landfills
C.
exported to foreign countries
D.
recycled by computer manufacturers
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据倒数第2段可推知，一些毫无顾忌的废料商会向海外出口有毒零部件。最后一段首句也讲到，高科技革命的墓地最终落在了中国的乡村地区，由这两处可推断C正确。由第3段可知B不正确。文中第4段提到了 A和D，但原文只是讲计划，并没有真正落实。
The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime on the sidewalk while perched on top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina (视网膜).And in water, humans are farsighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both the air and water because it is endowed with two foveae (凹窝 )-areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions. One fovea permits the bird, while in the air, to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus both eyes, like binoculars, on its prey at the same time. A frog’s vision is distinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as “bug detectors”, a highly developed set of cells in a frog’s eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldn’t see them as food and would starve.
The bee has a “compound” eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facets that divide what it sees into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as a single dot, a constant point of reference. Thus, the eye is at superb navigational instrument that constantly measures the angle of its line of flight in relation to the sun. A bee’s eye also gauges flight speed. And if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 “perfect vision” paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we can’t—ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be “perfect vision” is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasures of color vision.
6
The Snellen eye chart measures one’s eyesight by _____.
A.
the number of lines he reads
B.
the distance he stands away from the chart
C.
the speed at which he recognizes the letters
D.
several integrative factors
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
首段第2句中的lines of letters和第3句中的bottom line表明视力的好坏是依靠看到视力表的行数来决定的，选项A为本题答案。首段第2句表明测验视力时距离是预先设定的，选项B不正确;选项C属于无中
生有，原文并未提及该内容；文中只提到视力的好坏取决于能看到多少行宇母这一因素，并没有提到其他因素,故D项错误。
7
How is hawk's eyesight better than ours?
A.
It can identify small items more quickly than we do.?
B.
It can see at a longer distance than we do.
C.
It has more cones in the retina than we do.
D.
It has bigger eyes than we do.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
首段第5句中的while perched on top of the Empire State Building表明本句强调的是鹰能看到距离很远的物件，由此可见，选项B为本题答案。从首段第5句中的dime—词可以推断鹰可以看到很小的物件，但原文并没有暗示它辨认物件的速度,更没有在这方面与人眼作比较，因此选项A不正确；首段第6句只是指出鹰眼的视网膜每平方毫米有100万个圆锥细胞，但并没有对比人眼和鹰眼所具有的圆锥细胞的总数，因此选项C不正确;原文并未提及与选项D有关的内容。
8
Monocular vision enables the kingfisher to ＿＿＿.
A.
avoid farsightedness
B.
be able to see underwater
C.
move one eye at a time
D.
focus its eyes on the prey
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
首段第9句中的This表明前一句(即第8句)就是monocular vision的定义,很明显，选项C为本题答案。首段第7句表明翠鸟在水里能看得清楚，不会像人类那样远视，是因为它眼睛里有两个凹窝区域，并非因为它具有单眼视觉，因此选项A和B都不正确；根据该段第10句可知两个凹窝区域同时发挥作用才能使翠鸟把目光聚焦到猎物身上，因此选项D不正确。
9
A bee finds its direction by ＿＿＿.
A.
dividing what it sees into thousands of dots
B.
constantly gauging its flying speed
C.
using the sun as a constant point of reference
D.
measuring the angle of the sun
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
第2段第3、4句描述了蜜蜂利用太阳导航的机制，将选项与这些细节对照可以知道选项C为正确的说法。选项A是蜜蜂眼睛的成像机制，虽然眼睛必然与导航有关，但单靠成像并不能起到导航的作用，因此选项A不是蜜蜂寻找方向的方法；选项B中的gauging its flying speed也跟蜜蜂寻找方向无关；第2段第4句表明蜜蜂测量的是飞行路线和太阳的夹角，而不是测量太阳的角度，因此选项D不正确。
10
What is the main idea of the passage?
A.
The differences between human eyes and other species＇eyes.
B.
The advantages of other species＇eyes in comparison with human eyes.
C.
The factors that make other species＇eyes better than human eyes.
D.
The standard that determines the＂perfect vision＂ of human eyes.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
首段前3句通过描述人类测试视力的方法引出人类的视力不如其他物种这个话题，然后作者举了 4个例子说明这个观点，而在第2段末句作者又指出人类视力在某一方面优于其他物种，由此可见，本文主要通过举例说 明人类和其他物种在视力上的不同，由此可见，选项A概括了全文内容。第2段末句指出了人类视力也有优于其他物种视力的地方，选项B和C都强调其他物种的视力好，概括都不够全面；选项D只能概括文章首句的内容，其他的内容均未包括在内。
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