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If our solar system has a Hell, it's Venus. The air is choked with foul and corrosive sulfur, heaved from ancient volcanoes and feeding acid clouds above. Although the second planet is a step farther from the sun than Mercury, a runaway greenhouse effect makes it hotter indeed. It's the hottest of the nine plants, a toasty 900 degrees Fahrenheit of baking rocky from equator to poles. All this under a crushing atmospheric pressure 90 times that of where you're sitting now. From the earthly perspective, a dead end. It must be lifeless.
“Venus has nothing," is the blunt word from planetologist Kevin Zahnle of NASA Ames Research Center in California's silicon Valley. "We've written it off."
Yet a small group of advanced life-forms on Earth begs to differ, and theorizes that bizarre microbial ecosystems might have once populated Venus and, in fact, may be there still. Members of this loose band of researchers suggest that their colleagues have water too much on the brain, and are, in a sense, H2O chauvinists (盲目的爱国者).
“Astrobiologists are neglecting Venus due more to narrow thinking than actual knowledge of the environment, or environments, where life can thrive," says Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a geobiologist at the University of Texas at El Paso who recently co-authored a Venus-boosting paper in Astrobiology with colleague Louis Irwin.
The bias against life on Venus is partly rooted in our own biology. Human experience instructs that liquid water, preferably lot of it, is essential for life. In search for extraterrestrial life, we obsess over small rivers in Mars' surface apparently carved by ancient gushes of water, and delight in hints of permafrost (永久冻结带）just underneath its surface. (By comparison, Venus isn't even that interesting to look at: A boring cue ball (台球的白色母球）for backyard astronomers, its clouds reflects 75% of visible light.)Attention and then funding follow the water. Three more landers will depart for Mars this spring, and serious plans for sample-return missions hover in the midterm future.
“If you have limited resources, you base exploration on what you know,” says Arizona State University planetary geologist Ronal Greeley. It's like losing your keys on the way home at night: The first place you look is under the streetlights not because they're more likely to be there, but because if they are, you'll spot them. For astrobiologists, the streetlights are the spectral (光谱的）lines for water, and they've spotted that potential on Mars, Jupiter's moon Europa, even Neptune's moon Triton. Not on the baking rocky flats of Venus.
1
Venus is the hottest of all the nine planets in the solar system because _____.
A.
it is not so close to the sun as Mercury
B.
many volcanoes spread the whole planet
C.
it is covered by a thick layer of cloud
D.
greenhouse effect is uncontrollable on it
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
从首段第3、4句可以推断，金星比其他行星都热.是因为温室效应肆虐，因此选D。A关于金星离太阳的距离，B关于金星上的火山，C关于覆盖金星的云层，都在这一段中提到，虽然按照常理，这些因素都可能使某个地方的温度上升，但它们均无原文依据，故可排除。
2
Some planetologists believed there had never been lives on Venus because ______.
A.
they couldn't find any trace of water on it
B.
they found Venus is too hot for any lives
C.
Venus is covered by dirty and poisonous cloud
D.
Venus is the second nearest planet to the sun
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
文中多处从正面相反面表明，一些科学家相信Venus上没有生命是因为那里没有水。正面的依据知第5段开头两句及末段；反面的依据如第3段中的那个研究地球高级生命形式的小团体对认为Venus上没有生命的看法的驳斥；由此可见.本题答案应为A。
3
It can be inferred from the passage that the small group of advanced life-forms on Earth believed that ______.
A.
life could exist in hot environment
B.
life could exist without water
C.
there are still lives on Venus
D.
there used to be lives on Mars
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第3段末句表明，这一个小团体的研究人员认为那些宣称 Venus上没有生命的科学家是H2O chauvinists(即他们太盲目认为水是生命存在的基本条件。)也就是说，这个团体相信生命的存在不一定需要水，因此B 为本题答案。A无原文依据，C、D将文中并不肯定的猜测（might， may)转变为肯定的事实，显然不符
4
What do we learn from the passage about Venus and Mars?
A.
The atmospheric pressure of Venus is stronger than that of Mars.
B.
Venus attracts more attention and funding than Mars.
C.
Venus is closer to the sun than Mars.
D.
Venus looks more beautiful than Mars.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
从首段第3句可以知道水星是离太阳最近的行星，而金星只比它离太阳远一点，也就是说金星比其他7个行星离太阳都要近，当然也就比火星离太阳近了，因此C为本题答案。
5
The purpose of the co-authored paper by Dirk Schulze-Makuch and Louis Irwin was to ______.
A.
introduce their findings about Venus
B.
promote the exploration of Venus
C.
convince others that there used to be lives on Venus
D.
criticize other scientists that they are narrow-minded
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
第4段中的a Venus-boosting paper说明这篇文章的目的是推动(boost)金星研究或探索，而不是A所说的introduce (介绍），因此B为本题答案。
Memory appears to be stored in several parts of the limbic (边缘的）system of the brain, and any condition that interferes with the function of this system can cause amnesia. Aging is a Sequent cause.
As humans advance in age, the heart's action, as well as the walls of blood vessels, change. It is thought that too little blood reaching brain cells, and sometimes the lack of certain nutrients, causes the death of small portions of the brain. Old memories and new ones are kept in different portions of the brain, and many older people can recall events that took place years before while being unable to remember what they ate at their last meal. An inability to store or learn new information may also occur with advanced age. Several(退化的）diseases of old age can cause profound amnesia. Primarily in older men, transient (暂时的）global amnesia causes severe loss of memory for minutes or hours. This is a progressive condition about which little can be done.
Alcoholism is another leading cause of amnesia. Many heavy drinkers cannot recall the events of the time when they were intoxicated. In alcoholism of long duration, the gradual deterioration of brain cells takes place, and memory can become permanently confused. Injuries to the head often result in amnesia for the time just before and just after an accident. As the injury heals, memory gradually returns. Tumors or other growth in the brain that affect the limbic system can also cause amnesia, when treatment of the growth is successful, the amnesia is cured.
Classic amnesia may be described as the condition of an otherwise healthy person who “wakes up” in a strange place unable to recall his name, where he came from, or where he is going. It is interesting to note that such at person, however, retains knowledge of language and social customs. This kind of amnesia is probably due to emotional stress and is called hysterical amnesia. It occurs when some event is seen as so shameful or when problems become so overwhelming that the person concerned is unable to face reality. Instead, complete amnesia develops. Hysterical amnesia is treated through psychotherapy and sometimes the administration of drugs such as sodium amobarbital, which causes a person to talk freely. Clues to the past may appear under the sedation, and the psychotherapist can use these to prod (促使）the memory of the patient.
6
According to the passage, the forming of amnesia is most closely related to _____.
A.
old age
B.
use of drugs
C.
damage of brain
D.
lack of nutrients
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
第1段首句提到，任何影响大脑边缘系统功能的状况都可能造成健忘症。第2段提到的引起健忘症的原因，如酒精中毒、边缘系统的脑部肿瘤，都是因为脑受损，因此本题答案为C。文中提到年龄的增长和某些营养成分缺乏是为了说明二者都会引起脑的部分组织死亡,从而导致健忘，其根源还是脑受损，故排除A、D项。B与末段提到的药物有关,但那是用于治疗健忘症的，故也排除。
7
Even doctors can do little about ____.
A.
amnesia caused by brain cells lacking blood
B.
old people's inability to store or learn new information
C.
old people's amnesia caused by degenerative diseases
D.
loss of memory far minutes or longer time
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
第1段最后三句介绍了由老年生理退化引起的健忘症，倒数第二句开头的Primarily表明该句描述这种健忘症“主要的”表现;末句表明这种状况会逐渐加重，人们对此无能为力，句中this指的就是这种健忘症，因此C正确、A、B、D都与题干不相关，故排
8
Memory may never return when ____.
A.
one develops long-term alcoholism
B.
one gets injured to the head
C.
one has tumors in the brain
D.
one gets affected in the limbic system
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
第2段第3句讲到，长期酗酒使大脑细胞逐渐衰退，可能造成永久性的记忆混乱。其中permanently与题干中的never return相对应，由此得出答案为A。根据文章内容，B、C、D造成的健忘症是可以治愈的。
9
It can be inferred from the passage that hysterical amnesia may _____.
A.
develop into complete amnesia if not cured
B.
be derived from psychological problems.
C.
result in the patient's shameful emotion
D.
cause the loss of language ability
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
末段第3句表明癔症性遗忘症(hysterical amnesia)很可能是情绪压力造成的，即属于心理问题，因此B为本题答案。该段第5句表明失忆如果不是由心理问题引起的话，就会形成彻底性遗忘症，由此可见A不正确；C是引起hysterical amnesia的原因而不是结果;D中的“失去语言能力"无原文根据。
10
When a patient is under the administration of drugs, ____.
A.
he cooperates fully with the psychotherapist
B.
his memory will be recovered soon
C.
his emotional stress will be eliminated
D.
he talks about the past without reservations
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
末段倒数第2句句末指出，服用药物的作用是使病人自由倾诉。最后一句又讲到在药物的镇静作用下可以找到与过去有关的线索，由此可见D正确。其他三项都无原文依据，故排除。
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