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第38关
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Three children in every classroom have a diagnosable mental health condition. Half of these are behavioural disorders,while one third are emotional disorders such as stress,anxiety and depression, which often become outwardly apparent through self-harm. There was an astonishing 52 percent jump in hospital admissions for children and young people who had harmed themselves between 2009 and 2015.
Schools and teachers have consistently reported the scale of the problem since 2009.Last year, over half of teachers reported that more of their pupils experience mental health problems than in the past. But teachers also consistently report how ill-equipped they feel to meet pupils’ mental health needs,and often cite a lack of training，expertise and support from the National Health Service（英国国家医疗服务体系）.
Part of the reason for the increased pressure on.schools is that there are now fewer ‘early intervention （干预）’and low-level mental health services based in the community. Cuts to local authority budgets since 2010 have resulted in a significant decline of these services, despite strong evidence of their effectiveness in preventing crises further down the line.
The only way to break the pressures on both mental health services and schools is to reinvest in early intervention services inside schools.
There are strong arguments for why schools are best placed to provide mental health services. Schools see young people more than any other service,which gives them a unique ability to get to hard-to-reach children and young people and build meaningful relationships with them over time. Recent studies have shown that children and young people largely prefer to see a counsellor in school rather than in an.outside environment. Young people have reported that for low-level conditions such as stress and anxiety,a clinical setting can sometimes be daunting（令人却步的）.
There are already examples of innovative schools which combine mental health and wellbeing provision with a strong academic curriculum. This will,though,require a huge cultural shift. Politicians, policymakers,commissioners and school leaders must be brave enough to make the leap towards reimagining schools as providers of health as well as education services.
1
What are teachers complaining about?
A.
There are too many students requiring special attention.
B.
They are under too much stress counselling needy students.
C.
Schools are inadequately equipped to implement any intervention.
D.
They lack the necessary resources to address pupils’ mental problems.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据题干关键词teachers和complaining定位至第二段末句。该句提到，老师们也经常报告他们感觉自己在满足学生的心理健康需求方面能力不足，并且经常提到缺乏英国国家医疗服务体系的培训、专业知识和支持。可知，老师们抱怨的是“他们缺乏解决学生心理问题的必要资源”，故答案选D)项。定位段第二句提到，去年，超过半数的老师报告说，有心理健康问题的学生比过去更多。但并不是需要特别关注的学生数量多，故排除A)项；文中并未提及老师在辅导需要关爱的学生方面压力太大，故排除B)项；根据第三四段可知，学校在帮助学生应对心理健康问题方面压力增大，应加强学校内部的早期干预服务。说明学校可以通过实施干预措施来帮助学生，而不是没有能力采取任何措施，故排除C项。
2
What do we learn from the passage about community health services in Britain?
A.
They have deteriorated due to budget cuts.
B.
They facilitate local residents’ everyday lives.
C.
They prove ineffective in helping mental patients.
D.
They cover preventative care for the local resident.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
根据题干关键词community health services 定位至第三段。该段首句提到，现在社区的“早期干预”和初级心理健康服务越来越少。而原因出现在后一句中，即自2010 年以来，地方政府预算的削减导致了这些服务的大幅下降，故答案选A)项。B)项和D)项在文中均未提及，故排除；第三段第二句提到，有强有力的证据表明这些服务在帮助应对学生心理健康问题上有效，因此，C)项与文中所表述的意思相悖，故排除。
3
Where does the author suggest mental health services be placed?
A.
At home.
B.
At school.
C.
In hospitals.
D.
In communities.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干关键词mentalhealthservices和beplaced定位至第五段倒数第二句。该句提到，最近的研究表明，儿童和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里找辅导员，而不是在校外。故答案选B)项。由第五段可知，比起在校外，孩子和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里看到辅导员。年轻人报告说，对于压力和焦虑等初级状况，临床环境有时会令:人望而生畏。故排除其他三项。
4
What do we learn from the recent studies?
A.
Students prefer to rely on peers to relieve stress and anxiety.
B.
Young people are keen on building meaningful relationships.
C.
Students are more comfortable seeking counselling in school.
D.
Young people benefit from various kinds of outdoor activities.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干关键词recent studies定位至第五段结尾处。此处提到，最近的研究表明，儿童和年轻人在很大程度上更喜欢在学校里找辅导员，而不是在校外。年轻人报告说，对于压力和焦虑等初级状况，临床环境有时会令人望而生畏。说明“青少年在学校环境下接受心理辅导会感到更自在”，故答案选C)项。A)项和D)项在文中均未提及，故排除；第五段第二句虽提到，学校比其他任何公共服务机构都更能关注到年轻人，这使它们拥有一种独特的能力去接触难以接触到的儿童和年轻人，并逐渐与他们建立有意义的关系。但并未提及“keen on”，故排除B)项。
5
What does the author mean by a cultural shift (Line 2, Para. 6)?
A.
Simplification of schools’ academic curriculums.
B.
Parents’ involvement in schools’ policy-making.
C.
A change in teachers’ attitudes to mental health.
D.
A change in the conception of what schools are.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据题干定位至末段。该段第二句指出，这将需要一场巨大的文化转变。接下来的内容对“文化转变”作出了解释，即政治家、政策制定者、部长和学校领导必须有足够的勇气，向着将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者的方向迈出一大步。说明，这种文化转变是将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者，故答案选D)项。末段首句提到，已经有一些创新学校将心理健康和福利保障与强大的学术课程相结合，但并不是指“简化课程”，故排除A)项；B)项在文中并未提及，故排除；根据文章末句可知，这种文化转变是将学校重新塑造为健康和教育服务提供者，而非“老师对心理健康态度的转变”，故排除C)项。
Picture this: You’re at a movie theater food stand loading up on snacks. You have a choice of a small, medium or large soda. The small is $3.50 and the large is $5.50. It’s a tough decision: The small size may not last you through the whole movie,but $5.50 for some sugary drink seems ridiculous. But there’s a third option,a medium soda for $5.25. Medium may be the perfect amount of soda for you, but the large is only a quarter more.If you’re like most people, you end up buying the large(and taking a bathroom break midshow).
If you’re wondering who would buy the medium soda, the answer is almost.no one.In fact, there’s a good chance the marketing department purposely priced the medium soda as a decoy（诱饵），making you more likely to buy the large soda rather than the small.
I have written about this peculiarity in human nature before with my friend Dan Ariely, who studied this phenomenon extensively after noticing pricing for subscriptions（订阅）to The Economist. The digital subscription was $59, the print subscription was $125, and the print plus digital subscription was also $125. No one in their right mind would buy the print subscription when you could get digital as well for the same price,so why was it even an option? Ariely ran an experiment and found that when only the two"real"choices were offered,more people chose the less-expensive digital subscription. But the addition of the bad option made people much more likely to choose the more expensive print plus digital option.
Brain scientists call this effect “asymmetric dominance” and it means that people gravitate toward the choice nearest a clearly inferior option. Marketing professors call it the decoy effect,which is certainly easier to remember. Lucky for consumers,almost no one in the business community understands it.
The decoy effect works because of the way our brains.assign value when making choices. Value is almost never absolute; rather,we decide an object's value relative to our other choices. If more options are introduced, the value equation changes.
6
Why does the author ask us to imagine buying food in the movie theater?
A.
To illustrate people's peculiar shopping behavior.
B.
To illustrate the increasing variety of snacks there.
C.
To show how hard it can be to choose a drink there.
D.
To show how popular snacks are among movie fans.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
文章首段描绘了一个人们在电影院购买汽水的场景，一般都会选择比中杯稍贵的大杯；第二段则分析了中杯的汽水很可能是营销人员引诱你买大杯汽水的诱饵；第三段提到作者和朋友对人性的这种独特性行为进行过研究。可知，作者让我们想象在电影院买食物是为了引出人们一种独特的购物行为，故答案选A)项。其他三项均不符合作者意图，故排除。
7
Why is the medium soda priced the way it is?
A.
To attract more customers to buy it.
B.
To show the price matches the amount.
C.
To ensure customers drink the right amount of soda.
D.
To make customers believe they are getting a bargain.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
根据题干关键词the medium soda和priced定位至第二段末句。该句提到，市场营销部很有可能故意以中杯汽水作为诱饵，让你更有可能购买大杯汽水而不是小杯。而首段中提到，大杯汽水只比中杯的贵0.25美元。可知，中杯汽水这样定价是为了让消费者认为买大杯更划算，故答案选D)项。其他三项均不符合文意，故排除。
8
53.What do we learn from Dan Ariely’s experiment?
A.
Lower-priced goods attract more customers.
B.
The Economist’s promotional strategy works.
C.
The Economist’s print edition turns out to sell the best.
D.
More readers choose the digital over the print edition.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
根据题干关键词Dan Ariely's experiment定位至第三段最后两句。此处提到，艾瑞里做了一个实验，发现当只提供两个“真实的”选项时，更多的人选择了价格较低的数字版订阅。但不良选项的增加使人们更有可能选择更昂贵的印刷版加数字版这一选项。可知，在面对《经济学人》提供的三个选项时，人们更倾向于选择订阅印刷版加数字版，故答案选B)项。根据第三段中提到的，《经济学人》数字版订阅费是59美元，印刷版订阅费是125美元，印刷版加数字版订阅费也是125美元。在可以用同样的价格买到印刷版加数字版的情况下，没有一个头脑正常的人会购买印刷版。可知，价格最低的数字版并没有吸引到更多顾客，故排除A)项；C)项和D)项均不符合文意，故排除。
9
For what purpose is “the bad option” (Line 7, Para.3)added?
A.
To cater to the peculiar needs of some customers.
B.
To help customers to make more rational choices.
C.
To trap customers into buying the more pricey item.
D.
To provide customers with a greater variety of goods.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
根据题干定位至第三段末句。该句提到，不良选项的增加使人们更倾向于选择更昂贵的印刷版加数字版这一选项。可知，添加“不良选项”是为了诱使顾客购买价格较高的商品，故答案选C)项。同时排除B)项和D)项；而A)项在文中并未提及，故排除。
10
How do we assess the value of a commodity, acording to the passage?
A.
By considering its usefulness.
B.
By comparing it with other choices.
C.
By taking its quality into account.
D.
By examining its value equation.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
；根据题干关键词the value of a commodity定位至文章最后两句。此处提到，价值几乎从来不是绝对的；相反，我们是相对于其他选择来确定某一物品的价值。如果引人更多选项，则价值等式将发生变化。可知，我们是通过比较不同的选择来评估某一商品的价值，故答案选B)项。其他三项均不符合文意，故排除。
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