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Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech’s online Master of Science in Computer Science program Professor Goel already had eight teaching assistants, but that wasn’t enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily questions from students.
Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.
Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill with the questions and answers. After some adjustments, and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn’t know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn’t tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.
The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson will, of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.
1
What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?
A.
It is a robot that can answer students' questions.
B.
It is a course designed for students to learn online.
C.
It is a high-tech device that revolutionizes teaching.
D.
It is a computer program that aids student learning.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的 Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence 定位到首段第一、二句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，戈埃尔教授开发了一个人工智能助教来帮助处理在线课程中大量的学生问题，这门在线课程名叫“基于知识的人工智能”，是佐治亚理工学院计算机科学在线硕士课程的核心要求。由此可见，“基于知识的人工智能”是一门为学生在线学习而设计的课程，故答案为B。首段第一句提到，戈埃尔教授开发了一个人工智能助教，但“基于知识的人工智能”并非这个智能助教的名字，而是在线课程的名称，故排除A。首段第二句提到，这门在线课程是佐治亚理工学院计算机科学在线硕士课程的核心要求，由此可知，“基于知识的人工智能”不是高科技设备，也不是电脑程序，故排除 C、D两项。
2
What problem did Professor Goel meet with?
A.
His students were unsatisfied with the assistants.
B.
His course was too difficult for the students.
C.
Students' questions were too many to handle.
D.
Too many students dropped out of his course.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的 problem 和 Professor Goel定位到第一段最后一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，戈埃尔教授已经有了8名助教，但这还不足以应对学生每天提出的大量问题。由此可知，学生的问题太多了，很难处理，故答案为C。文章第三段第二句提到，这个虚拟助理一开始做得并不太好，但并非学生对人工助教不满意，A项表述错误，故排除。文章第二段第一句指出，由于缺乏教学支持，许多学生退出了在线课程，并非他的课程让学生觉得很困难，B项属于过度推理，故排除。文章第二段第一句虽然提到许多学生因为缺乏教学支持退出了在线课程，但文中并未指出学生退出了哪位老师的课程，D项说法过于绝对，故排除。
3
What do we learn about Jill Watson?
A.
She turned out to be a great success.
B.
She got along pretty well with students.
C.
She was unwelcome to students at first.
D.
She was released online as an experiment.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
由题干中的 Jill Watson 定位到第三段第、六句。推理判断题。定位句指出，经过一些调整和足够的时间后，吉尔回答学生问题的正确率能够达到 97％，虚拟助理变得非常先进而且逼真，以至于学生们都不知道她是一台计算机。由此可知，吉尔最后取得了巨大的成功，故答案为 A。定位句只提到吉尔的成功，未提及与学生们的相处，B项为过度推理，故排除。第三段第二句指出，一开始，这个虚拟助理做得并不太好。但并没有说明学生不喜欢吉尔，故排除C项。文中未提及D “她被作为实验发布到网上”，故排除。
4
How did the students feel about Jill Watson?
A.
They thought she was a bit too artificial.
B.
They found her not as capable as expected.
C.
They could not but admire her knowledge.
D.
They could not tell her from a real person.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的 students feel about Jill Watson 定位到第三段最后三句。推理判断题。定位句指出，学习人工智能的学生与虚拟助理进行互动，而且无法将其与真人区分开来，故答案为D。文中未提及A “他们认为她有点太假了”、B “他们发现她不如预期的那么有能力”和C “他们不得不钦佩她的知识”，故排除。
5
What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?
A.
Launch different versions of her online.
B.
Feed her with new questions and answers.
C.
Assign her to answer more of students’ questions.
D.
Encourage students to interact with her more freely.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的 Professor Goel和 plan to do定位到最后一段第一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，戈埃尔教授的虚拟助教明年的目标是回答网上论坛里学生提出的 40％的问题。由此可见，戈埃尔教授会让虚拟助教回答更多的学生问题，故答案为 C。最后一段第二句指出，吉尔。沃森这个名字会在下个学期被换成别的名字，而非发布不同的版本，故排除 A项。文中并未提及 B “给她新的问题和答案”和 D “鼓励学生与她更自由地互动”，故排除。
Thinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor don’t hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.
Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goals, but others have fallen short of reaching even modest targets.
To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schafer of the University of Zurich examined the content of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.
Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in Public Understanding of Science. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as Experiment. com and Petridish org only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors, since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4000 on average, with 30% receiving less than $1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the researchers found.
Other factors may also significantly influence a project’s success, most notably, the size of a scientist's personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researchers’ efforts to reach the public, and people give because “they feel a connection to the person” who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the science.
6
What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?
A.
They did not raise much due to modest targets.
B.
They made use of mixed fundraising strategies.
C.
Not all of them achieved their anticipated goals.
D.
Most of them put movies online for the purpose.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
由题干中的 the scientists 和 raise money online 定位到第二段第二、三句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，科学家们也曾尝试利用互联网捐助者，但成败参半。有些筹到的资金比目标多了一倍多，但有些却连小的目标都没达到。由此可见，并非所有的科学家都成功地筹集到了资金，故答案为C。第二段最后一句提到，有些筹到的资金比目标多了一倍多，但有些却连小的目标都没达到，故排除A “由于目标不高，他们没有筹集到多少资金”。第二段只是指出科学家众筹成败参半（with mixed success），并未提及筹集资金的具体方法，故排除B “他们采用了混合融资策略”。第二段第一句提到，近年来，众筹风靡于各个领域，从制作电影到生产节水设备等，而非大多数科学家把电影放到网上就是为了众筹，故排除D。
7
What is the purpose of Mike Schafer’s research of recent crowdfunding campaigns?
A.
To create attractive content for science websites.
B.
To identify reasons for their different outcomes.
C.
To help scientists to launch innovative projects.
D.
To separate science projects from general ones.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
由题干中的 Mike Schafer's research定位到第三段。细节辨认题。定位段提到，为了确定科学细节辨认题。定位段提到，为了确定科学众筹成功与失败的原因，苏黎世大学的科学传播学学者迈克·沙费尔领导的一个团队调查了最近371个活动的网页内容。由此可知，迈克·沙费尔做该项研究是为了找出造成不同结果的原因，故答案为B。文章第三段并未提及为科学网站创造有吸引力的内容，只是指出了对最近371个活动的网页内容进行了调查，故排除A “为科学网站创造有吸引力的内容”。文中没有提到C “帮助科学家启动创新项目”和D “把科学项目与普通项目区分开”，故排除。
8
What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfunding campaign?
A.
The potential benefit to future generations.
B.
Its interaction with prospective donors.
C.
Its originality in addressing financial issues.
D.
The value of the proposed project.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
题干中的 trait 和 contributes to 定位到第四段第五句。细节辨认题。定位句指出，大多数成功的科学众筹项目都与潜在的捐助者有密切联系，因为回答那些感兴趣的捐助者问题的项目会进展得更顺利。由此可知，与可能的捐助者互动有助于众筹活动的成功，故答案为B。文中未提及A “对后代的潜在好处”、C “在解决金融问题上的独创性”和D “建议项目的价值”，故排除。
9
What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?
A.
They should be small to be successful.
B.
They should be based on actual needs.
C.
They should be assessed with great care.
D.
They should be ambitious to gain notice.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
题干中的 financial targets of crowdfunding projects 定位到第四段最后三句。细节辨认题。定位句提到，成功众筹项目的目标是一小笔钱。研究中涉及的项目平均筹集金额为4000 美元，其中 30％的项目获得的资金不足1000 美元。研究人员发现，项目需要的资金越多，它实现目标的机会就越小。由此可知，研究人员认为科学众筹要想成功，应设立较小的目标资金，故答案为A。文中未提及 B“目标应该以实际需要为基础”和 C “应该小心地评估目标”，故排除。D “目标资金巨大才能获得关注”表述与定位句相反，故排除。
10
What motivates people to donate in a crowdfunding campaign?
A.
The ease of access to the content of the webpage.
B.
Their desire to contribute to the cause of science.
C.
The significance and influence of the project itself.
D.
Their feeling of connection to the scientists themselves.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
由题干中的 motivates 和 donate定位到最后一段最后一句。推理判断题。定位句指出，众筹可以成为研究人员努力接触公众的一部分，人们捐款是因为“他们感觉与筹款人有联系”——而不是与科学有联系。由此可见，人们捐款是因为他们感觉与科学家有联系，故答案为D。文中没有提及A “访问网页内容的便利性”，故排除。由定位句可知，人们捐款是因为“他们感觉与筹款人有联系”——而不是与科学有联系，故排除B “他们对科学事业作出贡献的愿望”。文中没有提及C “项目本身的意义和影响”，故排除。
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