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Could you reproduce Silicon Valley elsewhere, or is there something unique about it?
It wouldn't be surprising if it were hard to reproduce in other countries, because you couldn't reproduce it in most of the US either. What does it take to make a Silicon Valley?
It's the right people. If you could get the right ten thousand people to move from Silicon Valley to Buffalo, Buffalo would become Silicon Valley.
You only need two kinds of people to create a technology ( 中心 ) : rich people and nerds ( 痴迷科研的人 ) .
Observation bears this out. Within the US, towns have become startup hubs if and only if they have both rich people and nerds. Few startups happen in Miami, for example, because although it's full of rich people, it has few nerds. It's not the kind of place nerds like.
Whereas Pittsburgh has the opposite problem: plenty of nerds, but no rich people. The top US Computer Science departments are said to be MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, and Carnegie-Mellon. MIT yielded Route 128. Stanford and Berkeley yielded Silicon Valley. But what did Carnegie-Mellon yield in Pittsburgh? And what happened in Ithaca, home of Cornell University, which is also high on the list?
I grew up in Pittsburgh and went to college at Cornell, so I can answer for both. The weather is terrible, particularly in winter, and there's no interesting old city to make up for it, as there is in Boston. Rich people don't want to live in Pittsburgh or Ithaca. So while there' re plenty of hackers ( 电脑迷 ) who could start startups , there's no one to invest in them.
Do you really need the rich people? Wouldn't it work to have the government invest in the nerds? No, it would not. Startup investors are a distinct type of rich people. They tend. to have a lot of experience themselves in the technology business. This helps them pick the right startups, and means they can supply advice and connections as well as money. And the fact that they have a personal stake in the outcome makes them really pay attention.
1
What do we learn about Silicon Valley from the passage?
A.
Its success is hard to copy anywhere else.
B.
It is the biggest technology hub in the US.
C.
Its fame in high technology is incomparable.
D.
It leads the world in information technology.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
事实细节题。文章第二段第一句指出，如果说很难在其他国家复制它，这并不会令人惊奇，因为在美国的大部分地区你也不可能复制它。从这一句话中可以得知两个信息：在美国无法复制硅谷；在世界其他国家同样无法复制硅谷。因此硅谷在其他地方难以复制，故答案为 A。
2
What makes Miami unfit to produce a Silicon Valley?
A.
Lack of incentive for investment.
B.
Lack of the right kind of talents.
C.
Lack of government support.
D.
Lack of famous universities.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
事实细节题。文章第五段第三句提到，比如，在迈阿密很少有创业园区，因为尽管那里的有钱人比比皆是，但是痴迷科研的人却寥寥无几，即缺少合适的人才，故答案为 B。
3
In what way is Carnegie-Mellon different from Stanford, Berkeley and MIT?
A.
Its location is not as attractive to rich people.
B.
Its science departments are not nearly as good.
C.
It does not produce computer hackers and nerds.
D.
It does not pay much attention to business startups.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
推理判断题。文章第六段倒数第二句指出，但是卡内基-梅隆大学在匹兹堡开辟了什么呢？第七段最后两句表明，有钱人并不想住在匹兹堡或是伊萨卡。所以尽管此处有很多能够建立创业园区的电脑迷，却并没有一人为他们投资。综合这几句可知，康奈尔大学不同于斯坦福大学、伯克利大学和麻省理工大学之处在于其所处的地点匹兹堡不能够吸引有钱人居住，缺乏投资。故答案为 A。
4
What does the author imply about Boston?
A.
It has pleasant weather all year round.
B.
It produces wealth as well as high-tech.
C.
It is not likely to attract lots of investors and nerds.
D.
It is an old city with many sites of historical interest.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
推理判断题。文章第七段第二句提到，天气很恶劣，尤其是在冬天，而且又不像波士顿那样，有古老而有趣的城市可以弥补这一点。由此推断，波士顿的特点是古老和有趣，选项 D与原文意思相符，故为答案。
5
What does the author say about startup investors?
A.
They are especially wise in making investments.
B.
They have good connections in the government.
C.
They can do more than providing money.
D.
They are rich enough to invest in nerds.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
推理判断题。第八段第四句表明，创业园区的投资者是一群截然不同的有钱人。接着指出，他们自己往往有很多技术商业领域的经验。这一点能够帮助他们选择正确的创业公司，同时也意味着他们提供金钱的同时也能够提供建议和人际关系。选项 C“他们除了提供金钱外，还能做更多的事情”和原文意思一致，故为答案。
It's nice to have people of like mind around. Agreeable people boost your confidence and allow you to relax and feel comfortable. Unfortunately, that comfort can hinder the very learning that can expand your company and your career.
It's nice to have people agree, but you need conflicting perspectives to dig out the truth. If everyone around you has similar views, your work will suffer from confirmation bias ( 偏颇 ) .
Take a look at your own network. Do your contacts share your point of view on most subjects? If yes, it's time to shake things up. As a leader, it can be challenging to create an environment in which people will freely disagree and argue, but as the saying goes: From confrontation comes brilliance.
It's not easy for most people to actively seek conflict. Many spend their lives trying to avoid arguments. There's no need to go out and find people you hate, but you need to do some self-assessment to determine where you have become stale in your thinking. You may need to start by encouraging your current network to help you identify your blind spots.
Passionate, energetic debate does not require anger and hard feelings to be effective. But it does require moral strength. Once you have worthy opponents, set some ground rules so everyone understands responsibilities and boundaries. The objective of this debating game is not to win but to get to the truth that will allow you to move faster, farther, and better.
Fierce debating can hurt feelings, particularly when strong personalities are involved. Make sure you check in with your opponents so that they are not carrying the emotion of the battles beyond the battlefield. Break the tension with smiles and humor to reinforce the idea that this is friendly discourse and that all are working toward a common goal.
Reward all those involved in the debate sufficiently when the goals are reached. Let your sparring partners ( 拳击陪练 ) know how much you appreciate their contribution. The more they feel appreciated, the more they'll be willing to get into the ring next time.
6
What happens when you have like-minded people around you all the while?
A.
It will help your company expand more rapidly.
B.
It will create a harmonious working atmosphere.
C.
It may prevent your business and career from advancing.
D.
It may make you feel uncertain about your own decisions.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
C
系统解析：
事实细节题。第一段第一句提到，与志趣相投者为伴是一件好事。第三句指出，不幸的是，那种舒适会阻碍你学习扩展公司和发展事业的知识。故答案为 C。
7
What does the author suggest leaders do?
A.
Avoid arguments with business partners.
B.
Encourage people to disagree and argue.
C.
Build a wide and strong business network.
D.
Seek advice from their worthy competitors.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
B
系统解析：
推理判断题。定位句指出，作为一个领导，要创造一个人人都自由地辩驳和争论的环境是充满挑战的，但是常言道：冲突之下，必有精彩。根据 but 后面的内容可知，作者还是建议领导们创造这样的环境，故答案为 B。
8
What is the purpose of holding a debate?
A.
To find out the truth about an issue.
B.
To build up peopled moral strength.
C.
To remove misunderstandings.
D.
To look for worthy opponents.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
A
系统解析：
事实细节题。第五段最后一句表明，这种辩论游戏的目的并不是赢，而是得到事实真相，能够让你更快更远更好地进步。故答案为 A。
9
What advice does the author give to people engaged in a fierce debate?
A.
They listen carefully to their opponents' views.
B.
They show due respect for each other's beliefs.
C.
They present their views clearly and explicitly.
D.
They take care not to hurt each other's feelings.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
事实细节题。第六段第一句表明，激烈的辩论会伤害感情,下文提出建议：确保跟你的竞争对手说清楚，这样他们就不会在争论话题之外还带有争论时的情绪。用笑容和幽默打破这种紧张，并强化一种观念：这是一种友好的交流，而所有的一切都是朝着一个共同的目标前进。这一切的举动都是为了避免伤害彼此的感情，故答案为 D。
10
How should we treat our rivals after a successful debate?
A.
Try to make peace with them.
B.
Try to make up the differences.
C.
Invite them to the ring next time.
D.
Acknowledge their contribution.
本题答案：
A
B
C
D
参考答案：
D
系统解析：
事实细节题。最后一段前两句指出，当目标达成时，要给予所有那些参与到辩论中的人充足的奖赏。让你的拳击陪练知道你是多么感激他的付出。选项 D“感谢他们的付出”与原文意思相符， 故为答案。
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