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The fridge is considered necessary. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food list appeared with the label: "Store in the refrigerator."
In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, 1 was fed well and healthy. The milkman came every day, the grocer, the butcher (肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times each week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.
The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. Many well-tried techniques already existed -- natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling...
What refrigeration did promote was marketing --- marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the world in search of a good price.
Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the rich countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house -- while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.
The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been not important. If you don't believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and mm off your fridge next winter. You may not eat the hamburgers(汉堡包), but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.
1
The statement "In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily." suggests that______.
A.
the author was well-fed and healthy even without a fridge in his fifties.
B.
the author was not accustomed to fridges even in his fifties.
C.
there was no fridge in the author's home in the 1950s.
D.
the fridge was in its early stage of development in the 1950s.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
句意理解题。由句中的childhood可知,fifties指的应该是50年代,而不可能是50多岁,据此可排除A、B;fridgeless是合成词,由词根fridge"冰箱"和表示否定的后缀-less组成,由可推断其意为"无冰箱的",故C正确。
2
Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?
A.
People would not buy more food than was necessary.
B.
Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.
C.
Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.
D.
People had effective ways to preserve their food.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
事实细节题。在第2段中,说到"不会浪费东西"前,作者指出把吃剩的面包和牛奶做成蛋糕,以防止浪费,故D正确。A、C在文中并未提及,排除;B所述并非不浪费食物的原因,也可排除。
3
Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?
A.
Inventors.
B.
Consumers.
C.
Manufacturers.
D.
Travelling salesmen.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
观点态度题。综观全文,作者对认为冰箱不是必备品,最后一段更明确指出,它对人类幸福的贡献微不足道,故可推断,消费者从冰箱中获益最少,故B正确。
4
Which of the following phrases in the fifth paragraph indicates the fridge's negative effect on the environment?
A.
"Hum away continuously".
B.
"Climatically almost unnecessary".
C.
"Artificially-cooled space".
D.
"With mild temperatures".
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
词义理解题。A中的hum指"发出嗡嗡声",表明冰箱产生的嗓音,是对环境的负面作用,故正确。B、D只是指出冰箱在实际上没有必要使用的地区却被广泛使用;C仅说明冰箱是对人工加热房间的影响,并不能说明其对环境的影响,故排除。
5
What is the author's overall attitude toward fridges?
A.
Neutral.
B.
Critical.
C.
Objective.
D.
Compromising.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
观点态度题。考査作者的观点,可根据文中细节得出答案。第3段首提到,冰箱对保存食物没有多大贡献,最后一段首则指出它对环境的影响已是显而易见的,这些细节都表明作者对冰箱持批评态度。
The Earth comprises three principal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate (硅酸盐) that are semi-molten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper,lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million years old, while those of the ocean floor are less than 200 million years old. The crusts and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness, at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These plates move over the semi-molten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical(地形学的)features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occur are confined to the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.
There are three main types of zones of contact: spreading contacts where plates move apart, converging contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth' s crust, for example, by volcanic eruptions (爆发) of lava (火山熔岩) at mid-ocean ridges. If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents,a rift(裂缝) is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the tea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks,too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle (起褶皱) to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
6
The Earth's crust______.
A.
can be classified into two types
B.
is formed along the margins of the plates
C.
consists of semi-molten rocks
D.
is about 70 to 100 kilometers thick
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
事实细节题。选项A与文章第1段第2句所述一致,为正确答案。此类题可采用排除法。根据第2段第2句的内容可以知道选项B所指的只是地壳中的一种.而不是所有地壳。选項C与文章第1句的内容不符。选項D的主语应该是地壳和上层的地幔,不仅仅是地壳。
7
The 15 plates of the Earth are formed from ___.
A.
the oceanic crusts and continental crusts
B.
the crusts and the mantle
C.
the crusts and the top and solid part of the mantle
D.
the continental crusts and the solid part of the mantle
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
推理判断题。此题可定位到第1段倒数第3句。题干中的15 plates是原文该句中的宾语,且该句的谓语中心词是consist of(由......组成),题干的谓语是are formed from,这意思一致,但题目用的是被动语态。表明答案可从原文该句的主语得到。主语中的top和solid并列修饰part of the mantle。选项C为该句的同义替换,故正确。
8
Seriously-deformed zones appear _______
A.
whenever the crusts move over mantle
B.
when the plates move towards each other
C.
in the narrow boundaries where two plates meet
D.
to be the major topographical feature of the Earth
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
亊实细节题。选项C是对第1段最后一句的同义改写。文章中没有提到选项A中the crusts move over mantle 这种现象;选项B提到的现象在第2段第1句才讨论到,与题干无关;文中也没有提到严重变形的地区是地球的主要地形特征,因此选项D不正确。
9
According to the second paragraph, the formation of the Atlantic Ocean is the example of_______.
A.
spreading contacts
B.
the influence of volcanic eruptions
C.
converging contacts
D.
transform contacts
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
亊实细节题。第2段主要分成两部分:第一部分谈板块活动的三种形式,第二部分分别举例说明其中在说明spreading contacts时,引用了大西洋的例子:"The Atlantic Ocean formed like this...",所以答案为A。
10
This passage is probably_______.
A.
a newspaper advertisement
B.
a chapter of a novel
C.
an excerpt from a textbook
D.
a scientific report of new findings
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
主旨大意题。由本文的语言风格和描述内容可以判定这篇文章既不是商业性的,也不是文学性的同时文中叙述的内容具有科普性质,不可能是太前沿性的,因此A、B、D三项都不正确,选项C为此题答案。
A remarkable variety of insects live in this planet More species of insects exist than all other animal species together. Insects have survived on earth for more than 300 million years, and may possess the ability to survive for millions more.
Insects can be found almost everywhere -- on the highest mountains and on the bottom of rushing streams, in the cold South Pole and in bubbling hot springs. They dig through the ground, jump and sing in the trees, and run and dance in the air. They come in many different colors and various shapes. Insects are extremely useful to humans, pollinating (授粉)our crops as well as flowers in meadows, forests, deserts and other areas. But licks and some insects, such as mosquitoes and fleas, can transmit disease.
There are many reasons why insects are so successful at surviving. Their amazing ability to adapt permits them to live in extreme ranges of temperatures and environments. The one place they have not yet been found to any major extent is in the open oceans. Insects can survive on a wide range, of natural and artificial foods—paint, pepper, glue, books, grain, cotton,other insects, plants and animals Because they are small they can hide in tiny spaces.
A strong, hard but flexible shell covers their soft organs and is resistant to chemicals, water and physical impact. Their wings give them the option of flying away from dangerous situations or toward food or males. Also, insects have an enormous reproductive capacity: An African ant queen can lay as many as 43,000 eggs a day.
Another reason for their success is the strategy of protective color. An insect may be right before our eyes, but nearly invisible because it is cleverly disguised like a green leaf, lump of brown soil, gray lichen (青苔),a seed or some other natural object Some insects use bright, bold colors to send warning signals that they taste bad,sting or are poison.Others have wing patterns that look like the eyes of a huge predator, bitter-tasting insects; hungry enemies are fooled into avoiding them.
11
Insects can be found in large amounts in the following places EXCEPT _____.
A.
on the mountains with little air
B.
in the cold polar areas
C.
in the hot desert areas
D.
in the open oceans
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
事实细节题。本题考查对复合句的理解。本题涉及两个段落,第2段及第3段都提及昆虫大量生长的地方,第3段第3句中的The one place指出了答案。
12
Insects protect themselves from chemicals by _______
A.
hiding in tiny spaces
B.
having a strong shell
C.
flying away when necessary
D.
changing colors or shapes
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
事实细节题。本题考查对复杂句的理解。第4段第1句指出了答案。protect…from…是对resistant to的同义替换。
13
Some insects disguise like natural objects so as to ______
A.
frighten away their enemies
B.
avoid being discovered
C.
send warning signals
D.
look bitter-tasting
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
推理判断题。本题考查对长句的理解。最后一段第2句中的nearly invisible表明昆虫伪装是为了不被发现,因此B为正确选项。其他选项虽然都是昆虫伪装的目的,但都与伪装成自然物体无关。
14
The passage mentions that insects ______.
A.
can be found in any extreme environments
B.
have survived longer than any other creatures
C.
can be fed on any natural or man-made foods
D.
are important for the growth of crops and flowers
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
推理判断题。本题考查对含有分词结构句子的理解。根据第2段倒数第2句中的useful及分词结构pollinating可推断昆虫对植物的生长有益处。选项A、B、C中都有any,过于绝对。由第3段第2、3句可知选项A不对。文章虽在开头指出昆虫存活的年代久远,但全文未提到它是存活时间最长的生物,所以选项B错误。至于昆虫的食物,第3段倒数第2句有提及,但只是a wide range of,由此可排除选项C。
15
The passage is mainly about ______
A.
how insects survive in different places
B.
why insects can survive so successfully
C.
what insects can do to the environment
D.
where insects can be found in quantity
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
主旨大意题。本文前两段首先描述了昆虫生存了很长的时间,并能在各种地方生长,然后引出文章要讨论的重点,即昆虫为什么能成功存活。第3段第1句为本文的中心句,因此本题正确选项为B。
By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world-half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, who followed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about 1,800 tigers existed in India. Project Tiger Supported by W.W.F. was immediately launched. Nine tiger reserves(保留地) were created, with armed guards protecting them.
The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory of between 10 and 20 square kilometers, depending on its age, size and strength. The territory of male includes the smaller territories(领地) of three or four tigresses. A tiger marks the boundaries of its territories by spraying urine and other bodily liquids on bushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive body smell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending her young, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attentions of other males.
The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims it tries to attack.
Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. It has enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80 S), but India"s human population has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely to be 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man has added to the hostility .
16
The ultimate aim of Project Tiger is to _____.
A.
study the growth rate of tigers C. promote the breeding of young tigers
B.
protect tigers from being killedD. an
C.
promote the breeding of young tigers
D.
B. protect tigers from being killed
E.
analyze the behavioral patterns of tigers
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
根据文章第1段,老虎被捕杀是其数量剧减的根本原因,因此使老虎免于被杀是野生动物保护基金会的最终目的,故选D。
17
Studies have shown that ______.
A.
a tigress never attacks until attacked
B.
the tigress is not as fierce as the tigers
C.
a tiger usually fights another tiger to defend its own territory
D.
the tiger is not an efficient hunter as is commonly described
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
第3段第2句说,但研究表明老虎捕捉猎物的成功率仅为1/20,B与之相符。第2段说到老虎一般会避免领土之争,C与之不符,故排除;A、D在原文中并未提及均可排除。
18
According to the passage, a tiger"s territory _____.
A.
remains unchanged C. expands as the tiger grows up
B.
is often defended by tigress
C.
expands as the tiger grows up
D.
B. is often defended by tigresses
E.
is the cause of most fights
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
第2段第2句提到,研究表明,一头雄老虎依年龄、体型及力量可以控制10至20公里的狩猎领地,随着老虎的长大,其体型及力量都在增大,其占领的狩猎领地的面积自然也就增大,故A正确。
19
Some people are afraid that Project Tiger _____.
A.
has been carried too far C. has failed to achieve its goal
B.
has not received enough attention D. i
C.
has failed to achieve its goal
D.
B. has not received enough attention
E.
is not worth the money spent on it
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
C
系统解析:
文章第4段首句说,许多人近来开始担心老虎项目过于成功,C项是该句的同义替换,故为答案。
20
The author seems _____.
A.
to be enthusiastic about Project Tiger
B.
to have a matter-of-fact attitude towards Project Tiger
C.
to have a hostile attitude towards Project Tiger
D.
to be satisfied with Project Tiger
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
纵观全文,作者对于老虎保护项目没有加入个人的主观色彩,他持的是一种客观的态度,故选B。
Conservationists on Tuesday appealed to countries to urgently address new threats to whales,dolphins and other cetaceans (鲸类动物)as climate change opens up previously inaccessible areas of the Arctic and industries move in to new areas.
As emotional arguments broke out in the annual International Whaling Commission's (IWC) conference between pro- and anti-whaling nations over the right of small, aboriginal groups to hunt a few whales each year, WWF appealed to countries to better regulate fishing and stop the oil and gas industries devastating populations.
"A few thousand whales are killed each year because of whaling but 300,000 whales, dolphins and other cetaceans are killed just in fishing gear. Now the greater threat is from the oil and gas industries. Cetaceans have so far been lucky because the Arctic has been mostly inaccessible but as climate change develops new areas are opening up. These are some of the most important areas left for whales and cetaceans, "said Wendy Eliott, head of the WWF delegation to the meeting in Panama.
"It is essential these issues are addressed by the IWC. But whaling governments like Norway, Iceland and Japan refuse to acknowledge the conservation committee of the IWC and do not participate. "
Shell plans to begin drilling operations in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas off Alaska as early as this month, and other oil companies are planning new off-shore drilling platforms in the Russian far east near the feeding area of critically endangered western gray whales. There are only an estimated 26 breeding females remaining and the oil-rich zone off Sakhalin Island is the only place where they can teach their calves to feed, said Elliott. "This could mark the banning of a massive oil exploration effort," she said.
The IWC, which is regularly tom by disputes, grants five-year permits to communities with a strong tradition of subsistence whaling. This year, several Caribbean countries, including St. Vincent and the Grenadines, as well as the USA, Russia and Denmark are asking approval from the commission for their annual quota of whales to be renewed. Most whaling opponents do not try to block small-scale aboriginal hunts as they do not threaten larger whale populations. While governments argue that the use of whales and dolphins contribute to national food security, cultural preservation and sustainable livelihoods, some are seen by conservationists as ill-disguised commercial whaling.
On Monday,pro-whaling countries led by Japan shot down a Latin American-led proposal to create a no-kill zone for whales in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Argentina, Brazil, South Africa and Uruguay put forward a proposal to declare the southern Atlantic a no-kill zone for whales, a symbolic measure as whaling ended there long ago.
Thirty-eight countries voted in favor of the measure and 21 voted against 9 with two abstentions. Under commission rules,proposals need to enjoy a "consensus" of 75% support for approval.
21
According to the passage, the heated disputes in the annual IWC conference were about_____________
A.
the urgency of handling new threats to whales
B.
the small native groups,right of whale hunting
C.
the poor management of fishing
D.
the drilling oil in Arctic
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。文章第二段第一句提到在国际捕鲸委员会的年度大会上,支持与反对的捕鲸国家围绕原著民小团体每年少量捕鲸的权利爆发了激烈的争论,所以选B.。 A.“处理对鲸鱼新威胁的紧迫性”在第一段中提及,但这是环保人士于周二呼吁各国所做的事情,故排除;C. “捕鱼业管理不善”和D. “在北极钻油”在第二段最后一句中有所提及,但这是世界自然基金会呼吁各国改进的地方,并非会议争论的问题,因此排除。
22
What causes the bigger threat to whales according to Wendy Eliott?
A.
Weather changing.
B.
Whale hunting.
C.
Fishing equipment.
D.
Oil and gas industries.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
细节题。文章第三段第二句中温迪?埃利奥特所说的话表明,更大的威胁来自于石油和天然气工业,所以选D.。A.“天气变化”在文中并未提及,故排除;B.“捕鲸”和C.“捕鱼设备”在本段第一句有所提及,但没有石油和天然气工业对鲸鱼造成的威胁大,故均排除。
23
Which of the following Is NOT mentioned as the responsibilities of IWC?
A.
To regulate whales hunting.
B.
To make whales adapt to climate change.
C.
To grant whaling pennits.
D.
To renew annual quota whales.
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
B
系统解析:
细节题。第三段第三句虽然提到气候变化,但指的是随着气候变化活跃起来,北极新开发的地区将逐渐开放,并未表明国际捕鲸委员会的责任是让鲸鱼适应天气的变化,所以B.为正确答案。第二段第一句和第四段第一句都表明国际捕鲸委员会负责管理捕鲸,因此排除A.;由第六段第一句可知,国际捕鲸委员会可以给予一些团体五年的捕鲸许可证,故排除C.;第六段第二句提到一些国家请求委员会批准其年度捕鲸配额的续期,故排除D.。
24
The only place for the western gray whales to teach their babies to feed is near_____.
A.
Beaufort sea
B.
Chukchi sea
C.
Alaska
D.
Sakhalin Island
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
D
系统解析:
细节题。文章第五段第二句表明,库页岛附近的石油富集区是仅存的26头处于繁殖期的西方灰雌鲸唯一能教幼崽捕食的地方,所以D.为正确答案。A.“波弗特海”、B.“楚克奇海”和C. “阿拉斯加”均不符合文意。
25
We can learn from the passage that the proposal about the no-ldll zmie was_____.
A.
denied
B.
accepted
C.
postponed
D.
up in the air
本题答案:
A
B
C
D
参考答案:
A
系统解析:
推理题。文章倒数第二段第一句表明,以日本为首支持捕鲸的国家否定了在南大西洋设立禁猎区的提案,由此可知A.为正确答案。如果不熟悉短语“shoot down”,也可从文章最后一段最后一句做出推断,即根据委员会的规定,提案需有75%的成员国“ 一致”支持才能通过,而该段第一句表明,有38个国家投票支持该提案,21个国家反对以及2个国家弃权,由此推知,该提案的支持率大约是62%,低于75% ,由此可知该提案“被否决了”。
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