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We ALL know the penis is a sensitive organ,
我们都知道皮纳斯是一个非常敏感的器官，
and yet there are many who choose cut off a chunk of their kids' manhood --
然而，还是有很多人小时候选择把象征男子力的皮纳斯切掉一大块——
but what does this DO to the penis?
问题是，这么做对皮纳斯究竟意味着什么呢？
Hello, everyone! Thanks for watching dnews today.
大家好。欢迎大家收看今天的dnews视频。
The practice of circumcision dates back thousands of years,
割包皮这种操作已经有几千年的历史了，
popping up in ancient cultures in Asia, Africa, Australia and the Americas.
亚洲、非洲、澳大利亚和美洲这些古代文明都有割包皮这种操作。
All of them independently, before any knew that the other existed.
还都是他们自己在知道彼此存在之前自己发明出来的。
It's practiced in Muslim, Christian and Jewish populations.
穆斯林、基督教和犹太教人群中也有这种习惯。
Worldwide rates vary, but in the U.S. from 1980 to 1999, 65 percent of babies were cut,
尽管世界各地割包皮的比率各不相同，但在美国，从1980年到1999年期间，有65%的婴儿割了包皮，
and today, it's closer to 56 percent; rates have been falling since 1960 actually.
现在的比例略低于56%；因为1960年以后，这一比例一直在下降。
Nationally, three out of four babies getting the procedure in the Midwest,
就美国各地的情况来看，中西部地区割包皮的婴儿所占比例为3/4，
two thirds in the Northeast, a little over half in the south, but only a fifth in the West!
东北部地区为2/3，南部地区略高于1/2，而西部地区只有1/5！
Circumcision is the act of slicing the foreskin off the penis.
割包皮就是切掉皮纳斯的外皮。
A natural penis has skin covering its head or glance, but a circumcised one does not.
自然发育的皮纳斯有外皮包裹其头部或主干，割过的则没有。
A DiscoveryNews.com article describes the foreskin as an "eyelid for the penis,"
DiscoveryNews.com网站上的一篇文章将包皮比作了“皮纳斯的眼皮”，
which is kinds of a weird analogy but they are similar in that there’s a mucous membrane on the inside.
这个类比还蛮奇怪的，但两者确实有相似之处，因为它们的内侧都有一层粘膜。
The adult foreskin is about 12 square inches of skin containing specialized nerve endings.
成年男性的包皮大小在12平方英寸左右，这里的皮肤有着专门的神经末梢。
From a sexual standpoint, circumcision removes one third of the erogenous tissue of the male genetalia --
从性的角度来讲，割包皮会割掉男性生殖器1/3跟性欲挂钩的组织——
as the penis and clitoris come from the same fetal tissue, their homoligas,
因为皮纳斯和阴蒂来自同一个胎儿组织，
the analogous organ to the foreskin is the clitoral hood!
与皮纳斯包皮类似的器官便是阴蒂包皮！
Obviously, there is a TON of debate as to the real benefit of circumcision; and it doesn't help that the policies keep shifting.
显然，割包皮的好处这一问题人们没少讨论，但讨论对政策的改变并没有太大帮助。
In 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a statement calling the practice into question,
1999年，美国儿科学会发表了一份质疑这种做法的声明，
saying the risks didn't outweigh the benefits,
声称这么做的风险并不一定就大过好处，
but now a new compilation study done by the Mayo Clinic claims the benefits outweigh the risks 100 to 1!
然而，梅奥诊所最近的一项新的汇编研究表示，割包皮好处与风险的概率之比为100：1！
According to their findings, over their lifetime,
根据他们的发现，在男性的一生中，
half of all men will require some kind of foreskin-related medical attention;
有一半的男性需要与包皮相关的某种护理；
circumcision reduces risks of "urinary tract infection, prostate cancer, sexually transmitted diseases"
割包皮能够降低“尿路感染、前列腺癌、性传播疾病”的风险，
as well as the risk of cervical cancer reduced for the female partners of men who have been circumcized.
还能降低其女性伴侣患宫颈癌的风险。
In fact, the World Health Organization recommend the procedure for any country attempting to battle HIV infection.
事实上，世卫组织建议，与艾滋病病毒感染作斗争的所有国家都可以推广这一手术。
Now you might be thinking, well, wait a minute, the United Nation's World Health Organization has a pruned penis policy?
听到这里，你可能会想说，等等，你是说联合国的世卫组织还有修理皮纳斯的政策？
Yeah, it does.
没错，确实有。
And a 2010 study from Plos ONE explains why…
“公共科学图书馆一号”2010年的一项研究解释了其背后的原因。
See, the foreskin isn't just an extra bit of skin down there on the bits.
原来啊，包皮并不只是你下面多出来的一点儿皮。
Because the foreskin is a protective, mucous-membrane layer, so it also attracts bacteria
因为包皮是一层具有保护作用的粘膜，所以它也会吸引细菌的滋生
Actually, according to the study, the foreskin has it's own microbiome!
事实上，这项研究还发现，包皮也有自己的微生物群！
For the study, researchers from Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
在研究过程中，约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院的研究人员
looked under the hood of uncircumcised penises,
对未割过包皮的皮纳斯进行观察之后，
and found anaerobic bacteria, those are bacteria which live without oxygen.
在包皮内发现了厌氧细菌，也即生活在无氧环境下的细菌。
Studying Ugandan men before and after circumcision,
通过研究乌干达男子割包皮前后的情况，
the researchers discovered, that this previously unknown anaerobic bacteria disappeared
他们发现，以前不为人知的这种厌氧菌
in the year after uncircumcized men were circumcized;
在这些男子的包皮被割以后的一年消失了；
forever altering the individual microbiome of the male penis.
永远改变了这些男性的皮纳斯的个体微生物群。
It is known from other studies that Langerhans cells normally live under the foreskin as well, and they are commonly attacked by HIV,
我们还从其他研究中得知，包皮下通常还活动有郎格汉斯细胞，这种细胞经常会受到艾滋病毒的攻击，
so perhaps that's why HIV transmission is so much lower with circumcised men?
所以，说不定，这就是为什么割了包皮的男性染上艾滋病的几率要比不割的低得多的原因？
But they're still figuring this out.
具体他们仍在研究。
In the end, the practice is ancient and fascinating, but is it necessary?
说到底，割包皮这种做法已经很有些年头了，也很吸引人，但真的必要吗？
Not at all, and there's still a roaring debate about removing a third of the penile erogenous tissue,
完全没那个必要，而且，关于切掉皮纳斯上1/3跟性欲挂钩的组织的争论一直都很激烈，
issues of cleanliness, not to mention possible side-effects of the major trauma cutting off the male genetalia!
具体涉及清洁问题，切除男性生殖器带来的严重创伤可能产生的副作用就更不用说了！
But what do you think?
问题是你是怎么看的呢？
Most people have opinions and this is your turn of bear it all.
大多数人都有自己的看法吧，现在就是你们一吐为快的时间了。
Go down to leave your comments and make sure you subscribe and come back for more dnews.
快到视频下方留下你的评论吧。还有，别忘了订阅，回来看我们更新更多视频噢。
