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This finding has been confirmed in a daycare setting.
这种发现已经在托儿所场景中得到了证明
Conclusions regarding the relevance of
这些结论应该引起
these incidences should be drawn with care
人们的关注
and the questions of which germs at what time
同时也要考虑到何种病菌
and at what price should be taken into consideration.
在何时出现，会造成何种后果
The intake of peanuts in countries of China
中国和东南亚国家的人
and Southeast Asia are comparable to that
与美国人相比
in the United States but the frequency of peanut allergy
对花生的消费量差别不大
is significantly less.
但是出现花生敏感的几率却少很多
Thus another hypothesis for the increase of
所以又有另一个假设，那就是
peanut allergy in the US is that
美国花生敏感人数的增加
processing of peanuts may play a role.
与花生的加工方式有关
The protein composition has been found to be pretty
世界各国食品中的蛋白质组成形式
consistent around the world but harvesting
都相同，在这种情况下
and processing may have a profound effect
收获和加工方式就会
on the allergenic properties.
对食物引发过敏的性质起到很大的作用
The quantity of allergenic protein in peanuts
加工方式的不同
can vary extensively with processing
会导致花生中过敏性蛋白
and handling techniques.
数量的不同
More mature, larger kernels tend to have
越是成熟的，越大的果仁
a higher allergenic protein content than
相比于小一些的果仁
smaller kernels and processing at high heat
过敏性蛋白的含量会更高一些
tends to increase the allergenic protein as well.
高温加工也是过敏性蛋白增加的原因之一
It has been shown that peanuts roasted 10 minutes
数据表明，经过烘烤10分钟的花生
have 22 times higher allergenic protein content
的过敏性蛋白含量
than raw peanuts.
是生花生的22倍
In the United States the consumption of peanuts
跟中国和东南亚国家等
with these allergenic inducing techniques are
花生过敏相对少见的国家相比
far more common than in China or Southeast Asia
美国花生的这种
where peanut allergy is less prevalent.
易导致过敏性蛋白增加的加工方式要更为常见
Sensitization to peanuts typically occurs
被报告的70%到100%的花生过敏儿童
at an early age with 70 to 100% of peanut allergic
在比较小的年龄时
children being reported to react
就会出现
to the first known exposure.
对花生的敏感反应
It has been suggested that sensitization has occurred
有一种说法，敏感反应
before birth.
其实在出生之前就已经发生了
However no peer reviewed studies have assessed
但是并没有同行评论的研究
the impact of dietary exposure to peanuts
对花生的饮食方面的接触
and the subsequent development of allergy to peanuts
和子女的花生过敏的
in the offspring were found.
后续影响进行评估
Food allergies first occur most commonly in infancy
食物过敏通常情况下，在1岁以下的婴儿中
peaking at 1 year of age and declining by age 3.
最为常见 3岁的时候会这种过敏就会消失
This may result from decreased enzymes
这其中的原因可能是婴儿体内
to digest proteins,
用于分解蛋白质的酶含量少
low IgA antibody levels, relatively low pH
IgA抗体水平低，相对较低的pH值
and an immature gut barrier.
以及不成熟的肠道屏障
The American Academy of Pediatrics currently
目前美国儿科学会对有可能会生育
has recommendations in place for mothers
有过敏反应的婴儿的母亲提供建议
of at-risk infants to avoid allergenic substances
在孕期，哺乳期
while pregnant, lactating and until
及至孩子3岁之前
the child is three years of age.
都要避免接触会引发过敏的物质
Approximately 2.5% of children younger than 3
有2.5%的3岁以下的儿童
are allergic to milk.
对牛奶过敏
Nearly all infants who develop an allergy to milk
对牛奶过敏的婴儿
do so in the first year of life.
在1岁之前都会一直这样
Most children who have milk allergy will
大多数有牛奶过敏的儿童会在幼儿时期
outgrow it in the first few years of life.
随着年龄增长不再对牛奶过敏
Baby formula is often the source of the first allergic
婴儿代乳品通常是
reaction to milk.
第一个牛奶过敏原
There are baby formulas on the market
市场上有一些婴儿代乳品中
that have extensively broken down milk protein
含有被分解的牛奶蛋白质
or soy-based formulas
还有一些豆制代乳品
which will often be recommended by a physician
医生推荐牛奶过敏的儿童
for a child with milk allergy.
可以饮用这些代乳品
Some hidden sources of milk may be deli meats
有一些熟肉制品中也有可能出现
if the meats were sliced on the same meat slicer
跟牛奶相似的物质，因为肉类
as cheese, non-dairy items
可能跟乳酪用同一块砧板切割
where the milk protein casein may be used
非乳制品中出现牛奶蛋白的原因是
as a binder such as some canned meats
这些物质可以被一些罐装肉
and some canned tuna.
或者罐装金枪鱼来当做黏合剂
Reading the food label is the best way
要想了解产品中是否含有
to understand if milk or casein is
牛奶或者酪蛋白，最好的方式
contained in the product.
就是阅读食品标签
Restaurant foods should always be questions
饭店中的食品一直都存在这样的问题
as butter, sour cream, milk and cream
比如黄油和酸奶油
are frequently used to enhance flavors
因为牛奶和奶油
and texture of food.
经常被用来改善食品的口味和质地d
